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Thestoragebatteryiswidelyusedincommercialrun,trafficandcommunicationetc.and
mainlyusedasreservedpower.Whenthemainpowerorgeneratingequipmentgoeswrong,thestoragebatteryreplacesthem.Ifit’sinactiveoroff-capacity,heavyaccidentmaybeoccurs.Soitsoperationalparametersmustbegenerallymonitoredon-line.Themostimportantsymbolofthebattery’sconditionisitsinternalresistance.Theresistancevaluemaybechangedwhenitwillbeinactiveoroff-capacity.Ifthechargeordischargeisimproper,theresistanceisalsochanged[1、2].Throughtestingthebattery’sinternalresistance,itsactivestatecanbemonitoredandevaluated.
2MeasuringMethodsofBattery’sInternalResistance
Themeasuringcourseiscomplex.Atpresent,themethodsofconstant-currentdischargeandACimpedancearethetworeliablemethods[3、4].
2.1MethodofConstant-currentDischarge
Theprincipleofconstant-currentdischargeisasfollows.Atfirst,greatcurrentisdischargedonthebatteryandthemaximumcurrentmayexceedonehundred.Atthesametime,theinstantaneousvoltagedropisobtainedandmeasured.Thenthebattery’sinternalresistancecanbecalculatedwithOhm’slaw.Themethodiswidelyusedinpractice.Butithassomeshortages.Theattacktotheloadissevereandthebattery’slifeperiodmaybeinfluenced.Themeasurementmustbedoneinstaticoroff-lineconditions.Theon-linemeasurecan’tbeimplementandthetestresulterrormaybelarge.
2.2MethodofACimpedance
Theprincipleofthemethodisasfollows.Afixed-frequencyACsignalisloadedonthebattery’stwoterminals.TheACsignal’scurrentandthevoltagedroponthebatteryaremeasured.Withthemeasuredvalue,theinternalresistanceiscalculated.Becausethebatteryisn’tdischarged,on-linemonitoringandmanagementiscarriedout.Thebattery’scapabilitycan’tbeimpacted.Butitalsohassomeshortages.
(1)ThefrequencyandamplitudeoftheACarefixed.Theycan’tbeadjustedaccordingtodifferent
measurands.
(2)Beforecalculatingtheinternalresistance,theAC’scurrent,voltageandthephasicdifferencebetweenthemmustbemeasured.Therearemanydisturbedfactors.Themeasuringmethodiscomplexandtheerrorislarge.
(3)Measuringon-line,theACsignalisdistributedbytheload.Sothecurrentonthebatteryisreduced.Thismayconsumedlyreducethemonitoringdistinguishability.
3PrincipleofACProportion
Inthepaper,theACimpedancemethodisimprovedandtheACproportionmethodisproposedtomeasurethebattery’sinternalresistance.Thebatteryisconnectedwithahighprecisionresistanceinseries.AspecialchipisusedtomeasureandcomparethevalidvaluesoftheAC’sdividingvoltageonthebatteryandtheresistance.Thentheinternalresistancecanbecalculated.TheequivalentserialcircuitofthebatteryandthehighprecisionresistanceisgiveninFig.1.
R0isthehighprecisionresistanceinFig.1.Thepartinthebrokenlineblockistheequivalentcircuitofthestoragebattery.RΩisthebattery’sohmicinertialresistance.RCisthepolarizedinertialresistance.Cisinter-polarcondenser.Thebattery’sequivalentimpedanceis:
Z=RΩ+RC/(1+JωCRC)
(1)
ωistheangularfrequencyoftheACsignalui,whichisproducedbythesignalgeneratingcircuit.
Thecurrentflowingthein-seriescircuitis:
i=ui/(Z+R0)=u1/Z=u2/R0
(2)
InEqu.
(2),thevariancesarecomplexnumber.Theproportionalrelationexistsbetweenthem.Moddingthem,therelationisstillright.
|u1/Z|=|u2/R0|(3)
|Z|=|u1|R0/|u2|(4)
Themodsofu1andu2aretheirvalidvalue,V1andV2,respectively.Whenthebattery’andthehighprecisionresistance’sroot-mean-squarevalueofdividingvoltagearemeasured,themodvalueofthebattery’sequivalentimpedance,|Z|,canbecalculated.
|Z|=V1R0/V2(5)
It’ssynthesizedwiththebattery’sohmicinternalresistance,thepolarizedinertialresistanceandtheinterpolarcondenser.Anditcanberegardedasthebattery’sequivalentinternalresistance.
4StructureofHardware
Asintelligentcontrolchip,MCUiswidelyusedinthemediumandsmall-sizedtest-controlsystem.Ithasmanymerits,suchasoperatingeasily,controllingaccuratelyandexpendingsimply.Ainternalresistanceintelligentmeasuringinstrumentofthestoragebatteryisdesignedinthepaper.ADuC812MCUisselectedasmaincontrollertocontrolsignals’inputandoutput.TheschematicdiagramisshowedinFig.2.
RtandRdaredigitalpotentiometersandtheirresistancescanbeadjustedwiththeMCUprogram.Roisahighprecisionresistanceanditsvalueis0.5Ω.C1,C2andC3arecouplingcondensers.Thewholeinstrumenthasfourparts.Theyareman-machineinteractiveinterface,signalgeneratingcircuit,signalsamplingconvertingcircuitandserialcommunicationcircuit.
4.1Man-machineInteractiveInterface
Theinterfacearecomposedofdisplaycircuit,keyboardinputcircuitandMCU.
TheADuC812MCUismainlycomposedofone8-channel12-bithighspeedA/Dconverter,two
12-bitD/Aconverters,8kBflash/electro-erasingprogrammemory,640-byteflash/electro-erasingdatamemory.Itskernelis80C52MCU.Italsocomprisessomeimportantfunctionalmodule,suchastimingcontroller,powermonitor,dataDMAtransferringandstoreprotectingcircuitandsomebusinterface.
TheADuC812isahighprecisionanalogdatacollectingsystem,whichisprogrammableentirelyandself-checking.Itscubiccontentissmallanditscostislow.Soitcansubstitutesomehigh-costmassiveproducts,whicharemostlyproducedwithmono-plateprocessor.Theothermeritisthattheflash/electro-erasingmemoryisused.Withtheembeddedloaderanddebuggingsoftware,theshortages,suchasdeficientflexibilityandstoragedifficulty,areovercome.Theon-lineprogrammingisrealized.Sothedesign,programminganddebuggingbecomemoreeasily.Moreover,itsstaticCPUoperationandpower-failmodearesupremelyimportanttobattery-poweredtest-controlequipments.
4.2SignalGeneratingCircuit
TheICL8038,whichisawaveformgenerator,isamonolithicintegratedcircuit.Cooperatedwithexteriorelement,thesinewave,squarewave,triangularwaveandsaw-toothwavecanbegeneratedandtheirfrequencymaybe0.001Hzto300Hz.Theoutputwave’sfrequencyisdeterminedwiththecondenserCtandtheresistanceRt.Theirrelationsatisfies:
f=0.33/RtCt(6)
IfCtis100pFandRtischangedfrom1to100kΩ,theoutputfrequencyischangedfrom33to3300Hz.Thedistorteddegreeofoutputsinewaveislessthan1%andtheratioofitsamplitudetothesource’soneis0.7.
TheoutputsinewaveofICL8038isusedtotesttheinternalresistance.Thenit’sdistributedbythedigitalpotentiometerRdandamplifieditspower.TheoutputiscoupledonthetestedbatterybythecondenserC1.TheoutputsquarewaveofICL8038iscountedbytheMCU.Sothefrequencyofoutputwaveanditsstabilityarecalculated.Theresistancevalueofdigitalpotentiometer,RtandRd,canbeadjustedprogrammablely.Consequently,thefrequencyandamplitudeofoutputsignalcanalsobeadjustedprogrammablely.Thepower-amplifiedcircuitisthesymmetricalcomplementarypush-pullcircuit.It’sonlyamplifiedthepowerbutnotamplifiedthevoltage.
4.3SamplingConvertingCircuit
Thetestedbatteryisconnectedwithahighprecisionresistanceinseries,whichislocatedintheinternalresistancemeasuredinstrument.Andthisisavoltage-dividingcircuit.C2andC3areACcouplingcondensers.TheACcomponentsareobtainedfromtheserialcircuit.Sothebattery’sDC
voltageandtheloaddon’tinfluencethetestresults.AD736isahighprecisiontruevalidvalueconverter.Itsinputis100mVandthedistinguishabilityis100μV.Theinputimpedanceis1012Ω.AweakACsignalcanbetestedanditsroot-mean-squarevalueisobtained.ItsoutputDCvoltagevalueisequaltotheinputACvalidvalue.
4.4SerialCommunicationCircuit
ADuC812hasmanykindsofcommunicationinterface.Soaserialcommunicationcircuitisdesignedtoconnectwiththetopcomputer.TheMCU’sprogramcanberefreshedon-lineandthetesteddatacanalsobetransferredon-line.Thebattery-poweredregulatedpowercircuitandthe
bridgerectifierfiltercircuitaredesigned.Theinstrumentcanbesuppliedwithbatteryorcommercialpower.
Thetestedbattery’sparameters,suchasitsspecificationandmodelcanbeobtainedbytheman-machineinteractive.Withtheinterface,theresistancevalueofthedigitalpotentiometercanbeadjustedandthefrequencyandamplitudeareselectedautomatically.Sotheinstrumentmaybeeasilyadaptedtothebatteryandload’srequirement.
ADuC812MCUhasa640-bytedatamemory.Thetestdatacanbestoredandanalyzed.Thedatacanalsobetransferredtothetopcomputerandprocesseda