乡村旅游可持续发展外文翻译文献.docx

乡村旅游可持续发展外文翻译文献.docx

《乡村旅游可持续发展外文翻译文献.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《乡村旅游可持续发展外文翻译文献.docx（14页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

乡村旅游可持续发展外文翻译文献

（文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译）

外文：

RURALTOURISMANDSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT

INTRODUCTION

RuraltourismisasegmentofthetotaltouristindustrywhichisparticularlyimportantinHungary,inacountrywithnospectacularnaturalattractions,withoutseaside,highmountains,rainforestorherdsofexoticanimals.However,itsattractiveculturallandscapeswithsmallvillages,thermalsprings,riversandlakes,combinedwiththetraditionalhospitality,areabletoofferpleasantexperiencestothekindoftouristwhoislookingforrelaxationandrecreationinacalmsetting.

Ononehand,ruraltourismdevelopmentcanplayanimportantroleinthediversificationoftheHungariantouristsupplyandinthecreationofamorecomplexandcolourfulcountryimage.Ontheotherhand,ruraltourismisnotonlytheend,butthemeanstostimulateeconomicgrowth,toincreasetheviabilityofunderdevelopedregions,andtoimprovethelivingstandardsoflocalpopulations.

Ifruraltourismistofulfilalltheseroles,ithastobedevelopedinawaythatensuresthelong-termsustainabilityoftheresourcesandthatofthedevelopmentprogressitself.Butwhatisasustainablewayofdevelopmentinruraltourism?

Howcansustainabilitybemonitoredandpromotedinruraldestinations?

ThispaperattemptstoanswerthesequestionsbypresentingthecurrentsituationofHungarianruraltourismthroughindicatorsthatareconsideredtoberelevantforthistypeoftourism.

SUSTAINABLETOURISMDEVELOPMENT

TheconceptofsustainabledevelopmentwasintroducedbytheWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopmentintheBrundtlandReportin1987,definingsustainabledevelopmentas"developmentthatmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds".

Tourismisoneoftheforemosteconomicactivitiesaroundtheworld,havingtransportedmorethan617millionpeopleinternationallyandgenerated448billionUSDinreceiptsin1997（WTO,1998）.Itisamajoreconomicforce,havinggeneratedin1996anestimated3,153.3billionUSDingrossoutput,creatingemploymentforapp.255millionpeople,producingapp.10.7percentofworldgrossdomesticproduct,investingapp.766billionUSDinnewfacilitiesandequipmentannually,andcontributingmorethanapp.653.3billionUSDtoglobaltaxrevenue（WTTC,1996）.

Thevolumeandsignificanceoftourismclearlyshowsthatitisnotenoughtodevelopnewformsof"alternative"tourisminordertominimisethenegativeandmaximisethepositiveimpactsoftourismdevelopment.Thewholesectormustbedevelopedandmanagedinawaythatitdoesnotdamagethenaturalandsocio-culturalenvironmentandthisistheresponsibilityoftheworld-widetourismindustry.

ThoughtheBrundtlandreportmadenospecialreferencetotourism,sinceitspublication,theroleoftourismintheprocessofcontinuouslymisusingtheEarth'sresourceshasbeenanalysedandtheconceptofsustainabletourismappeared.

Sustainabletourismhasseveral-oftenseriouslydebated-definitions.AccordingtothedefinitionoftheFederationofNatureandNationalParks,sustainabletourismis"allformsoftourismdevelopment,managementandactivitythatmaintaintheenvironmental,socialandeconomicintegrityandwell-beingofnatural,builtandculturalresourcesinperpetuity"（FNNP,1993）.ApublicationbytheTourismConcernandtheWorldWideFundforNaturedefinessustainabletourismastourismwhich"operateswithinnaturalcapacitiesfortheregenerationandfutureproductivityofnaturalresources;recognisesthecontributionthatpeopleandcommunities,customsandlifestyles,maketothetourismexperience;acceptsthatthesepeoplemusthaveanequitableshareintheeconomicbenefitsoftourism;andisguidedbythewishesoflocalpeopleandcommunitiesinthehostareas"（TourismConcern&WWF,1992）.

Thoughtheexistingdefinitionsusuallydifferintheirfocusorlevelofelaborateness,themainmessageoftheBrundtlandReportseemstobemoreandmoreacceptedbythetourismindustryallovertheworld.However,thenotionofsustainabilityisaverycomplexoneandithasmanyramifications（Mowforth&Munt,1998）.

Ecologicalsustainability,whichmeansthattourismdevelopmentdoesnotcauseirreversiblechangesinagivendestination'secosystem,isthemostcommonlyaccepteddimension,sincethereisanobviousneedallovertheworldtoprotectnaturalresourcesfromthenegativeimpactsoftourismactivities.Thegeneralgrowthofenvironment-awarenesshassignificantlycontributedtothistrend.Socialsustainabilityreferstotheabilityofacommunitytoabsorbtourism（boththeindustryandthetouriststhemselves）withoutthecreationofsocialdisharmony.Culturalsustainabilityinthecontextoftourismassumesthatagivencommunityisabletoretainoradapttheirowndistinctivecu