推荐词汇学笔记名词解释为主word范文 19页.docx

推荐词汇学笔记名词解释为主word范文 19页.docx

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推荐词汇学笔记名词解释为主word范文19页

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词汇学笔记（名词解释为主

篇一：

英语词汇学笔记--名词解释篇

英语词汇学笔记之“名词解释篇”201X.1.11济南

1.Word---Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfuntion.

2.Morpheme---Amorphemeistheminimalsignificantelementinthecompositionofwords.

3.FreemorphemesorContentmorphemes（Freeroot）---Theyaremorphemesthatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves:

cat,walk.

4.BoundMorphemesorGrammaticalmorphemes---Theyaremorphemesthatmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,eitherboundorfree:

Catts,walk+ing.

5.Boundroot---Aboundrootisthatpartofthewordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaningjustlikeafreeroot.Unlikeafreeroot,itisaboundformandhastocombinewithothermorphemestomakewords.Take-dict-forexample:

itconveysthemeaningof"sayorspeak"asaLatinroot,butnotasaword.Withtheprefixpre-（=before）weobtaintheverbpredictmeaning"tellbeforehand".

6.Affixes---Affixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfuntion.

7.InflectionalmorphemesorInflectionalaffixes---Affixesattachestotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional,thusknownasinflectionalmorphemes.

Thereistheregularpluralsuffix-s（-es）whichisaddedtonounssuchasmachines,desks.

8.DerivationalmorphemesorDerivationalaffixes---Derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords.

9.Prefixes---Prefixesareaffixesthatcomebeforetheword,suchas,pre+war.

10.Suffixes---suffixesareaffixesthatcomeaftertheword,forinstance,blood+y.Derivationalmorphemes/derivationalaffixes---Aprocessofformingnewwordsbytheadditionofawordelement.Suchasprefix,suffix,combingformtoanalreadyexistingword.

Prefixation----istheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixorcombingformtothebase.（Itmodifythelexicalmeaningofthebase）

Suffixation---istheformationofanewwordbyaddingasuffixorcombingformtothebaseandusuallychangingtheword-classofthebase.Suchasboy.Boyish（noun-adjective）

11.Root---Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalysedwithouttotallossofidentity.

12.OpaqueWords--Wordsthatareformedbyonecontentmorphemeonlyandcannotbeanalysedintopartsarecalledopaquewords,suchasaxe,glove.

13.TransparentWords--Wordsthatconsistofmorethanonemorphemesandcanbesegmentedintopartsarecalledtransparentwords:

workable（work+able）,door-man（door+man）.

14.Morphs--Morphemesareabstractunits,whicharerealizedinspeechbydiscreteunitsknownasmorphs.Theyareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning.

15.Allomorps--Somemorphemesarerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpositioninaword.Suchalternativemorphsareknownasallomorphs.Forinstance,themorphemeofplurality{-s}hasanumberofallomorphsindifferentsoundcontext,e.g.incats/s/,inbags/z/,inmatch/iz/.

16.DerivationorAffixation--Affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostems.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation.

17.Prefixation--Prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.

18.Suffixation--Suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.

19.Compounding（Compositon）--Compoundingisaprocessofword-formationbywhichtwoindependentwordsareputtogethertomakeoneword.E.g.hen-packed;short-sighted.

20.Conversion--Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Thisprocessofcreatingnewwordswithoutaddinganyaffixesisalsocalledzero-derivation.E.g.dry（a.）-->todry.

21.Back-formation--isaprocessofword-formationbywhichawordiscreatedbythedeletionofasupposedaffix.E.g.editorenteredthelanguagebeforeedit.

22.Abbreviation（shortening）--isaprocessofword-formationbywhichthesyllablesofwordsareabbreviatedorshortened.

23.Abbreviationincludesfourtypes:

I.ClippedwordsII.InitialismsIII.AcronymsIV.Blends.

I.Clippedwords--arethosecreatedbyclippingpartofaword,leavingonlyapieceoftheoldword.E.g.telephone-->phone,professional-->pro.

II.Initialisms--arewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedasletters.E.g.IMF/aiemef/=InternationalMonetaryFund.

III.Acronyms--arewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordandpronouncedaswords.E.g.NATO/'neito/=NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization.

IV.Blends--arewordsthatarecombinedbypartsofotherwords.E.g.smoke+fog=smog.

24.Polysemy--Thesamewordmayhavetwoormoredifferentmeanings.Thisisknownas"polysemy".Theword"flight",forexample,maymean"passingthroughtheair","powerof