经济学术语Word格式文档下载.docx

经济学术语Word格式文档下载.docx

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ActualTurnover:

Thenumberoftimesindividualsactuallyspendtheiraveragemoneyholding

overagivenperiodoftime.Actualturnoverisdeterminedbythe

proportionofincomethatpeoplereceiveandactuallyretainasmoney

balancesoveragivenperiodoftime.

AntitrustLaws:

Designedtopromoteopenmarketsbylimitingpracticesthatreduce

competition.

Assets:

Whatapersonorbusinessowns.

AutomaticStabilizers:

Measuresbuiltintothegovernmentsbudgetthatcauseitsspendingto

increaseanditstaxrevenuestodecreasewhentheeconomygoesinto

slumps,andthatcausegovernmentexpenditurestodecreaseandtaxesto

increasewhentheeconomygoesintobooms.

B

BalanceofPayments:

Arecordofallthefinancialtransactionsbetweenacountryandtherest

oftheworldduringagivenyear.

BankReserves:

ThetotalquantityofFederalReservenotesheldinbankvaultsor

checkabledepositsheldbythebanksattheFeddistrictbanks.

BenefitsinKind:

Noncashformsofpayorassistance.

BracketCreep:

Theprocessbywhichinflationdrivespersonalincomesupwardintohigher

taxbrackets:

inaprogressiveincometaxsystem,thiscausesanincreaseintaxburdens.

BrettonWoods:

Aninternationalmonetarysystemoperatingfrom1946-1973.Thevalueofthe

dollarwasfixedintermsofgold,andeveryothercountryheldits

currencyatafixedexchangerateagainstthedollar;

whentradedeficits

occurred,thecentralbankofthedeficitcountryfinancedthedeficitwith

itsreservesofinternationalcurrencies.

BusinessCycles:

Periodicswingsinthepaceofnationaleconomicactivity,characterizedby

alternatingexpansionandcontractionphases.

C

Capital:

Theexistingstockofproductiveresources,suchasmachinesandbuildings,

thathavebeenproduced.CapitalIntensive:

Productionmethodswithahighquantityofcapitalperworker.

CapitalistEconomies:

Economieswhichusemarket-determinedpricestoguidepeopleschoicesabout

theproductionanddistributionofgoods;

theseeconomiesgenerallyhave

productiveresourcewhichareprivatelyowned.

CentralBankIntervention:

Influenceonexchangeratesintheforeignexchangemarketwhenexchange

ratesarenotfixedbylaw;

i.e.,acentralbankbuysitscountryscurrency

withforeigncurrenciestodriveitscurrencyupinvalue;

todriveit

down,acentralbanksellsitscurrenciesinreturnforforeigncurrencies.

ChangeinDemand:

Ashiftintheentiredemandcurvesothatatanygivenprice,peoplewill

wanttobuyadifferentamount.Achangeindemandiscausedbysomechange

otherthanachangeinthegoodsprice.

ChangeinQuantityDemanded:

Movementupordownagivendemandcurvecausedbyachangeinthegoods

pricewithnoshiftinthecurveitself.

ChangeinQuantitySupplied:

Apricechangecausingmovementalongthesupplycurvebutnoshiftinthe

positionofthecurveitself.

ChangeinSupply:

Achangeinoneofthecostdeterminantsofsupplycausingashiftinthe

positionofthesupplycurve.Choice:

Theactofselectingamongalternatives,aconceptcrucialtoeconomics.

CivilianLaborForce:

Allpersonsovertheageofsixteenwhoarenotinthearmedforcesnor

institutionalizedandwhoareeitheremployedorunemployed.

CommonPropertyResources:

Resourcesforwhichtherearenoclearlydefinedpropertyrights;

property

ownedincommonbyasociety.ComparativeAdvantage:

Theabilityofaproducertoproduceagoodatalowermarginalcostthan

otherproducers;

marginalcostinthesacrificeofsomeothergoodcompared

totheamountofagoodobtained.

Competition:

Rivalryamongindividualsinordertoacquiremoreofsomethingthatis

scarce.

Complements:

Apricechangeforoneproductleadstoashiftintheoppositedirection

directioninthedemandforanotherproduct.

ComprehensiveEmploymentandTrainingAct（CETA）:

Federalfundingforlocalgovernmentstoretrainandemploy

difficult-to-hireworkers.

ConsumerPriceIndex（CPI）:

Ameasureoftheaverageamount（price）paidforamarketbasketofgoods

andservicesbyatypicalU.S.consumerincomparisontotheaveragepaid

forthesamebasketinanearlierbaseyear.

ConsumptionExpenditures:

Thetotaldollarvalueofallgoodsandservicespurchasedbythehousehold

sectorforcurrentuse.

ConsumptionFunction:

Amathematicalexpressionrelatingpersonalconsumptionexpendituresto

disposableincome.

ContractionPhase:

ThepartofthebusinesscyclewhenGNP,employmentandproductionareon

thedecline.

CornLaws:

TariffswhichEnglandplacedongrainimportsfrom1815to1846.By

restrictingthesupplyorgraininEngland,theselawsraisedthepriceof

graininEnglandandincreasedthevalueofEnglishfarmland.

Cost:

Themostvaluableopportunityforsakenwhenachoiceismade.

Cost-of-LivingAdjustments:

Automaticadjustmentsinincomespaidtoindividualrecipientswhichare

tiedtotheinflationrate,usuallymeasuredbytheConsumerPriceIndex.

Cost-PushInflation:

Atermthatapplieswhenincreasesinthepricelevelarecausedby

increasesincost.

CouncilofEconomicAdvisors:

ThreepersonswhoactasthePresidentschiefeconomicadvisers.

CraftUnions:

Exclusivecombinationsofworkersinindividualtradessuchasprinters,

shoemakersandbakers.

Credit:

Thecapacitytoborrowmoneyuptoaspecifiedlimitunderspecified

conditions.

CrowdingIn:

Increaseofprivateinvestmentthroughtheincome-raisingeffectof

governmentspendingfinancedbydeficits.

CrowdingOut:

Thetendencyforfederalgovernment,bydeficitfinancingtocompetewith

firmsorpersonsforborrowedfunds;

thatis,firmsandhouseholdsunable

toborrowatalowrateofinterestcurtailtheirinvestmentand

consumptionspending.

Currency:

Papermoneyissuedbythegovernment.

CurrentAccount:

Acategoryinthebalanceofpaymentsaccountthatincludesalltransactions

thateithercontributetonationalincomeorinvolvethespendingof

nationalincome.

CyclicalUnemployment:

Temporarylayoffofworkersduetodownturnsinthepaceofeconomic

activity.

D

DeficitSpending:

Atermwhichreferstothesituationwhereinhegovernmentspendsmorethan

itreceivesintaxes.

Demand:

Themaximumquantitiesofsomegoodthatpeoplewillchoose（orbuy）at

differentprices.Anidenticaldefinitionistherelativevalueofthe

marginalunitofsomegoodwhendifferentquantitiesofthatgoodare

available.

DemandCurve:

Agraphicrepresentationoftherelationshipbetweenpricesandthe

correspondingquantitiesdemandedpertimeperiod.

DemandDeposits:

Checkingaccountsincommercialbanks.Thesebanksareobligedtopayout

fundswhendepositorswritechecksonthosenumbers.Checkingaccountsare

notcash-theyarenumbersrecordedinbanks.

Demand-PullInflation:

Atermusedwhenanincreaseinaggregatedemandoccurswhichcannotbe

offsetbyacorrespondingincreaseinrealsupplycausinganincreasein

thepricelevel（inflation）.

DiminishingRelativeValue:

Theprinciplethatifallotherfactorsremainconstant,andindividuals

relativevalueofagoodwilldeclineasmoreofthatgoodisobtained.

Accordingly,therelativevalueofagoodwillincrease,otherfactors

remainingconstant,asanindividualgivesupmoreofthatgood.

DiminishingReturns:

Asmoreandmoreofaproductiveresourceisaddedtoagivenamountto

otherproductiveresources,additionstooutputwilleventuallydiminish

otherfactors,suchastechnologyandthedegreeofspecialization

remainingconstant.

DiscountRate:

TheinterestaprivatebankpaysforaloanfromtheU.S.FederalReserve

System.

DiscretionaryFiscalPolicy:

Changesinafiscal（taxorspending）programinitiatedbythegovernment

inordertochangeaggregatedemand.

Disequalibrium:

Thequantitydemandeddoesnotequalthequantitysuppliedatthegoing

price.

Disinflation:

Aslowdownintherateofinflation.

DisposableIncome:

Theamountofanindividualsincomethatremainsafterthedeductionof

incometaxes.

Dividends:

Profitsofafirmthataredistributedtoitsinvestors（stockholders）.

DivisionofLabor:

Assigningofspecifictaskstoworkersandproductiveresources;

itisa

reflectionofeconomicspecialization.

E

EconomicGrowth:

Asustainedincreaseintotaloutputoroutputperpersonforaneconomy

overalongperiodoftime.

EconomicRecoveryTaxActof1981（ERTA）:

Designedtofostersavingsandinvestmenttoencouragelong-termgrowth

throughreductionsofpersonalincometaxrates,taxesonpersonalsavings

forretirementandbusinesstaxesforfirmsinvestinginnewcapital.

EconomicRegulations:

Thecontrolofentryintothemarket,pricing,theextensionofserviceby

establishedfirmsandissuesofqualitycontrol.

EconomicSpecialization:

Concentra