Civil Liability ConventionWord文档下载推荐.docx

Civil Liability ConventionWord文档下载推荐.docx

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Date:

July2010

WordsCount:

1,976

Content

Introduction3

CivilLiabilityConvention4

FundConvention4

ContributionofFundConvention5

2003SupplementaryFund5

LimitationofLiability6

TheProcedureofClaim6

IdentificationofLiability7

TheextensionofCLCandFund7

Behaviorofshipowner8

Influencetotheshipsize8

Behaviorofoilreceiver9

RelevantMaritimeparty9

TheConsiderationofPublicImage10

Simplifiedadministrationprocedureforgovernment10

ThelackofresponsibilityinthecompensationofCLC&

Fund10

Bibliography11

Appendix12

Introduction

Tankeristheshipcarryingpersistentoil.Thatwillcreateunbelievableimpacttothelifecycleincaseofoilspill（ascargo,bulkorbunker）.AfterTorreyCanyonincidentin1967,thecompensationscheme（twovoluntaryagreementsandtwointernationalConventions）wasbeingdeveloped,inordertodefinethecompensationtorelevantpartieswhoarebeingsufferedbytheincident,andalsoidentifyandforcethepartywhoneedstoundertaketheliabilityofcleaningupcostandtosufferthedamageofpollution.Thevoluntaryagreementswereterminatedin1997,whiletheConventionswere1969InternationalConventiononCivilLiabilityforOilPollutionDamage（1969CLC）andthe1971InternationalConventionontheEstablishmentofaninternationalFundforCompensationforOilPollutionDamage（1971FundConvention）.In1992,theoldregimewasamendedbytwoProtocolsthatwasaimtoincreasethelimitationofcompensationandextendthescopeofapplicableareafromtheoriginalConventions.TheamendedConventionisknownasthe1992CivilLiabilityConvention（1992CLC）andthe1992FundConvention（1992Fund）.1969CLC&

1971Fundonlyapplytoterritory,includingTerritorySeaofcontractingstate,whilein1992CLC&

FundarecoveringExclusiveEconomicZoneofstate,andalsoprovidingtheexpenseforthethreatofpollutiondamageinadvance.

Further1992protocol,avoluntaryagreementwasintroducedasInternationalSupplementaryFundProtocolforCompensationforOilPollutionDamage2003（SupplementaryFund）,inordertofurtherincreasethelimitationofcompensationandcoverthecompensationwhen1992CLCand1992Fundarenotsufficient.

CLCistheprimarytierofcompensationthatthetankerownersareforcedtotakethefirstlegalliabilityonpollutiondamagecausedbyanyincidents,nomatterthatthetankerisladenornot,andalsonomattertheincidentoccurringbytheownerhimselfornot（exceptfewcircumstances,suchasactofwar）.However,meanwhile,underCLC,theowner'

sliabilityislimitedtoanamount,basedonthegrosstonnageoftanker.（Thelimitationisnotapplytotheincidentisprovidebyownomission,orpersonalact.）.InordertoachievethepotentialfinancialobligationunderCLC,ownersofthetankercarryingmorethan2000tonsofpersistentoilasbulkarerequiredtobeinsuredorsuchfinancialsecurity,commonknownProtectionandIndemnityAssociation

（P&

IClub）,non-profitable&

mutualassociationsinsuretheirshipownermembersforthird-partyliabilities.Thatensuretheownershavesufficientfinancialabilitytoundertakethecompensation.TheCLCisapplyingtoallseagoingship,exceptthewarshipsandanygovernmentaloperating,non-commercialserviceorownedships.ThecertificateisissuedbytheStatetoprovetheship'

sliabilitybeingcoveredundertheCLC.Nevertheless,UnitedState,asthemajoroilimportcounty,isnotthememberofCLCsincetheprotocolof1984,andtheyprefertoestablishanunlimitedliabilityagreement.

FundConvention

IncasethecompensationexceedsthelimitationorinadequateorunobtainableagainstCLC（suchastheshipownerescapetheliability,shipownernotmeettheCLCobligation,amountofcompensationoverCLClimitation）,theFundConventionbecomesthetiertwoincompensationschemeforthepollutiondamageandcleaningupcost.TheFundistocompensatetheincidentsufferedintheterritoriesincludingtheterritorialseaofContractingState.TheFundisalsoprovidingtheassistancetotheStatefortreatingthethreatofpollution.However,thefundisnotobligedtopersonifthedamageiscausedbyhisdeliberatedmisconduct.

ContributionofFundConvention

Thecostof1992FundConventioniscontributedbytheprivatecompanyorotherentityin1992FundStateinwhichreceivesanannualquantityofmorethan150,000tonnesofoilcarriagebysea（Table1）.TheAssemblyofthe1992Fundcontrolstheamountthatshouldbeleviedeachyearfortheadministrationcostandthecompensationexpense.

2003SupplementaryFund

2003SupplementaryFundisestablishedbyinter-governmentalorganizationswhichisjointSecretariatofthe1992Fund.TheSupplementaryFundisadditionalcompensationincasetheamountoftheFundstillnotbeingcovered.ThecontributionoftheSupplementaryFundisfromtheoilreceiverofthememberstates.Thisistheupgradefromthe1992Fund,butanoptional.

Diagram2isshowingtherelationshipofmembershipbetweentheFundandthe2003SupplementaryFund.

ThefollowingistheoverallfeatureofbothCLC,FundandSupplementaryFund:

LimitationofLiability

Therearelimitedamountforthecompensationof1992CLC,1992FundandtheSupplementaryFund.Theclaimisdefinedtothecompensationfor:

Preventivemeasures（includingclean-upcost）

Damagetoproperty

Economicalloss;

and

Reinstatementofimpairedenvironments

TheProcedureofClaim

Theclaimsarerequiredtopresentwithintimeframe,theclaimantsshouldhavetosubmittheirclaimsassoonaspossibleafterincident.Theclaimantswilllosetheirrightofcompensationafterthreeyearsofthedateincidentoccurrenceandinanyeventwithinsixyearsofthedateoftheincident,unlesstheyobtaintheCourtpermitagainstthetankerownerandrelevantinsurers.

TheprocessofclaimsisdependedonhowlongittakesclaimantstoprovidetherequiredinformationofP&

ICluband1992Fundandhoweasytoanalysisthatinformation.

Theindividualgroupisformednormallytobeaddressedtheclaimsofsignalaccident,associatedwiththeP&

ICluband1992Fund,actsasthetechnicalexperts（oftenmembersoftechnicalstafffromInternationalTankerOwnersPollutionFederation）.Meanwhile,claimantshavetoprovidethedetailofamountwithassessingthefactandpresenteddocument.Hence,eachofclaimmustbesupportedbytheevidencesuchasinvoice,explanatorynotes.

ThefollowingarethediscussionhowtheCLCandFundinfluencetointernationalshipping:

IdentificationofLiability

UndertheCLC,thetankerownersintheContractStatesareprotectedbylimitedliabilityduringtheaccidentofoilspill.Thetankerownersareabletoaffordtheirliabilitybythecompulsoryinsurance.Otherwise,thepollutiondamageandaffectedeconomiclosswillnotbecompensatedduetotheescapeorbankruptofowners.Meanwhile,theownerisnowbeingidentifiedasthefirstpartytoundertaketheliabilityofaccident,sothattheclaimantsdonotneedtotakelongtimeandcomplexproceduretoidentifytheliableparty.Inaddition,theinsurancecompanycanreleasethecompensationtotheclaimantsdirectlyoncetheincidentisjudgedasreasonableclaim（purelypoliticalandpublicrelationsreasonswillnotbevalidasreasonableclaim）.

TheextensionofCLCandFund

TheCLCandFundareprovidingtheskeletonofthecompensationnotonlytheoilescapeanddischargefromthetanker.Theotherfundandconventionwereextended,consideringthesimilarcircumstancesintheotheraspectsorothertypeofship.Instance,duetotheshipsizeexpand,thecontainedbunkerofshipwillbecomesignificantonthedamageofenvironmentincaseoftheshipincident.Therefore,theBunkerConventionisforcedtoentryin2008,forthosenon-tankervessels.ThecontentofthisConventionisreferringtheexperienceoftheCLC.TheotherexampleistheHNSConventionadoptedbyIMOin1996,inwhichthecompensationforshipincidentthattheresultofthedischargeHazardousandNoxiousSubstances.Thisconventionisestablishedintotwotiersystem,thosecontentandformationarereferringboththeCLCandtheFund.

Behaviorofshipowner

Theshipownerisprotectedintermoffinancialincaseoftheaccidentoccurring.ThecompensationcostisfinancedduetothecompulsoryinsuranceundertheConvention.Shipownerbusinessdoesnotbeinfluencedseriouslyduetosingleincident,andtheycancontinuouslyrunthebusinesswithoutconsideringtheconsequenceoftheunlimitedamountofcompensation.Theentrybarrierisdissolved,thenewplayerwillnottakethisuncertainfactors.

Influencetotheshipsize

Inaddition,thereisafactorthattheshipistrendedtomaximizethetonnageoftanker,becausetheamounttopayfromtankerownerisfixedoncethetonnageisover140,000（undertheschemeofCLC）.AccordingtoAjointIPIECA/ITOPFPublication2007,“Underthe1992CLC,themaximumpaidbytheownerofalargetankerofover140,000GTisSDR89.77million（aboutUS$135million）”.

Thecostwillnormallybethesameeventheshiptonnageis140,000,150,000ormore,unlessthememberstatesapplytheotheragreementsuchas（STOPIA2006）[4]

Behaviorofoilreceiver

TheFund,asthefinancialpooloftheoilreceiver,needstobecontributed.Theannualcontributedamountisnormallybasedontheestimatedcostofincident.Therefore,asoilreceiver,theywilldoallthebesttopreventanincidentwhichresultistoactivateandconsumethefund.Inordertof