Civil Liability ConventionWord文档下载推荐.docx
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Date:
July2010
WordsCount:
1,976
Content
Introduction3
CivilLiabilityConvention4
FundConvention4
ContributionofFundConvention5
2003SupplementaryFund5
LimitationofLiability6
TheProcedureofClaim6
IdentificationofLiability7
TheextensionofCLCandFund7
Behaviorofshipowner8
Influencetotheshipsize8
Behaviorofoilreceiver9
RelevantMaritimeparty9
TheConsiderationofPublicImage10
Simplifiedadministrationprocedureforgovernment10
ThelackofresponsibilityinthecompensationofCLC&
Fund10
Bibliography11
Appendix12
Introduction
Tankeristheshipcarryingpersistentoil.Thatwillcreateunbelievableimpacttothelifecycleincaseofoilspill(ascargo,bulkorbunker).AfterTorreyCanyonincidentin1967,thecompensationscheme(twovoluntaryagreementsandtwointernationalConventions)wasbeingdeveloped,inordertodefinethecompensationtorelevantpartieswhoarebeingsufferedbytheincident,andalsoidentifyandforcethepartywhoneedstoundertaketheliabilityofcleaningupcostandtosufferthedamageofpollution.Thevoluntaryagreementswereterminatedin1997,whiletheConventionswere1969InternationalConventiononCivilLiabilityforOilPollutionDamage(1969CLC)andthe1971InternationalConventionontheEstablishmentofaninternationalFundforCompensationforOilPollutionDamage(1971FundConvention).In1992,theoldregimewasamendedbytwoProtocolsthatwasaimtoincreasethelimitationofcompensationandextendthescopeofapplicableareafromtheoriginalConventions.TheamendedConventionisknownasthe1992CivilLiabilityConvention(1992CLC)andthe1992FundConvention(1992Fund).1969CLC&
1971Fundonlyapplytoterritory,includingTerritorySeaofcontractingstate,whilein1992CLC&
FundarecoveringExclusiveEconomicZoneofstate,andalsoprovidingtheexpenseforthethreatofpollutiondamageinadvance.
Further1992protocol,avoluntaryagreementwasintroducedasInternationalSupplementaryFundProtocolforCompensationforOilPollutionDamage2003(SupplementaryFund),inordertofurtherincreasethelimitationofcompensationandcoverthecompensationwhen1992CLCand1992Fundarenotsufficient.
CLCistheprimarytierofcompensationthatthetankerownersareforcedtotakethefirstlegalliabilityonpollutiondamagecausedbyanyincidents,nomatterthatthetankerisladenornot,andalsonomattertheincidentoccurringbytheownerhimselfornot(exceptfewcircumstances,suchasactofwar).However,meanwhile,underCLC,theowner'
sliabilityislimitedtoanamount,basedonthegrosstonnageoftanker.(Thelimitationisnotapplytotheincidentisprovidebyownomission,orpersonalact.).InordertoachievethepotentialfinancialobligationunderCLC,ownersofthetankercarryingmorethan2000tonsofpersistentoilasbulkarerequiredtobeinsuredorsuchfinancialsecurity,commonknownProtectionandIndemnityAssociation
(P&
IClub),non-profitable&
mutualassociationsinsuretheirshipownermembersforthird-partyliabilities.Thatensuretheownershavesufficientfinancialabilitytoundertakethecompensation.TheCLCisapplyingtoallseagoingship,exceptthewarshipsandanygovernmentaloperating,non-commercialserviceorownedships.ThecertificateisissuedbytheStatetoprovetheship'
sliabilitybeingcoveredundertheCLC.Nevertheless,UnitedState,asthemajoroilimportcounty,isnotthememberofCLCsincetheprotocolof1984,andtheyprefertoestablishanunlimitedliabilityagreement.
FundConvention
IncasethecompensationexceedsthelimitationorinadequateorunobtainableagainstCLC(suchastheshipownerescapetheliability,shipownernotmeettheCLCobligation,amountofcompensationoverCLClimitation),theFundConventionbecomesthetiertwoincompensationschemeforthepollutiondamageandcleaningupcost.TheFundistocompensatetheincidentsufferedintheterritoriesincludingtheterritorialseaofContractingState.TheFundisalsoprovidingtheassistancetotheStatefortreatingthethreatofpollution.However,thefundisnotobligedtopersonifthedamageiscausedbyhisdeliberatedmisconduct.
ContributionofFundConvention
Thecostof1992FundConventioniscontributedbytheprivatecompanyorotherentityin1992FundStateinwhichreceivesanannualquantityofmorethan150,000tonnesofoilcarriagebysea(Table1).TheAssemblyofthe1992Fundcontrolstheamountthatshouldbeleviedeachyearfortheadministrationcostandthecompensationexpense.
2003SupplementaryFund
2003SupplementaryFundisestablishedbyinter-governmentalorganizationswhichisjointSecretariatofthe1992Fund.TheSupplementaryFundisadditionalcompensationincasetheamountoftheFundstillnotbeingcovered.ThecontributionoftheSupplementaryFundisfromtheoilreceiverofthememberstates.Thisistheupgradefromthe1992Fund,butanoptional.
Diagram2isshowingtherelationshipofmembershipbetweentheFundandthe2003SupplementaryFund.
ThefollowingistheoverallfeatureofbothCLC,FundandSupplementaryFund:
LimitationofLiability
Therearelimitedamountforthecompensationof1992CLC,1992FundandtheSupplementaryFund.Theclaimisdefinedtothecompensationfor:
Preventivemeasures(includingclean-upcost)
Damagetoproperty
Economicalloss;
and
Reinstatementofimpairedenvironments
TheProcedureofClaim
Theclaimsarerequiredtopresentwithintimeframe,theclaimantsshouldhavetosubmittheirclaimsassoonaspossibleafterincident.Theclaimantswilllosetheirrightofcompensationafterthreeyearsofthedateincidentoccurrenceandinanyeventwithinsixyearsofthedateoftheincident,unlesstheyobtaintheCourtpermitagainstthetankerownerandrelevantinsurers.
TheprocessofclaimsisdependedonhowlongittakesclaimantstoprovidetherequiredinformationofP&
ICluband1992Fundandhoweasytoanalysisthatinformation.
Theindividualgroupisformednormallytobeaddressedtheclaimsofsignalaccident,associatedwiththeP&
ICluband1992Fund,actsasthetechnicalexperts(oftenmembersoftechnicalstafffromInternationalTankerOwnersPollutionFederation).Meanwhile,claimantshavetoprovidethedetailofamountwithassessingthefactandpresenteddocument.Hence,eachofclaimmustbesupportedbytheevidencesuchasinvoice,explanatorynotes.
ThefollowingarethediscussionhowtheCLCandFundinfluencetointernationalshipping:
IdentificationofLiability
UndertheCLC,thetankerownersintheContractStatesareprotectedbylimitedliabilityduringtheaccidentofoilspill.Thetankerownersareabletoaffordtheirliabilitybythecompulsoryinsurance.Otherwise,thepollutiondamageandaffectedeconomiclosswillnotbecompensatedduetotheescapeorbankruptofowners.Meanwhile,theownerisnowbeingidentifiedasthefirstpartytoundertaketheliabilityofaccident,sothattheclaimantsdonotneedtotakelongtimeandcomplexproceduretoidentifytheliableparty.Inaddition,theinsurancecompanycanreleasethecompensationtotheclaimantsdirectlyoncetheincidentisjudgedasreasonableclaim(purelypoliticalandpublicrelationsreasonswillnotbevalidasreasonableclaim).
TheextensionofCLCandFund
TheCLCandFundareprovidingtheskeletonofthecompensationnotonlytheoilescapeanddischargefromthetanker.Theotherfundandconventionwereextended,consideringthesimilarcircumstancesintheotheraspectsorothertypeofship.Instance,duetotheshipsizeexpand,thecontainedbunkerofshipwillbecomesignificantonthedamageofenvironmentincaseoftheshipincident.Therefore,theBunkerConventionisforcedtoentryin2008,forthosenon-tankervessels.ThecontentofthisConventionisreferringtheexperienceoftheCLC.TheotherexampleistheHNSConventionadoptedbyIMOin1996,inwhichthecompensationforshipincidentthattheresultofthedischargeHazardousandNoxiousSubstances.Thisconventionisestablishedintotwotiersystem,thosecontentandformationarereferringboththeCLCandtheFund.
Behaviorofshipowner
Theshipownerisprotectedintermoffinancialincaseoftheaccidentoccurring.ThecompensationcostisfinancedduetothecompulsoryinsuranceundertheConvention.Shipownerbusinessdoesnotbeinfluencedseriouslyduetosingleincident,andtheycancontinuouslyrunthebusinesswithoutconsideringtheconsequenceoftheunlimitedamountofcompensation.Theentrybarrierisdissolved,thenewplayerwillnottakethisuncertainfactors.
Influencetotheshipsize
Inaddition,thereisafactorthattheshipistrendedtomaximizethetonnageoftanker,becausetheamounttopayfromtankerownerisfixedoncethetonnageisover140,000(undertheschemeofCLC).AccordingtoAjointIPIECA/ITOPFPublication2007,“Underthe1992CLC,themaximumpaidbytheownerofalargetankerofover140,000GTisSDR89.77million(aboutUS$135million)”.
Thecostwillnormallybethesameeventheshiptonnageis140,000,150,000ormore,unlessthememberstatesapplytheotheragreementsuchas(STOPIA2006)[4]
Behaviorofoilreceiver
TheFund,asthefinancialpooloftheoilreceiver,needstobecontributed.Theannualcontributedamountisnormallybasedontheestimatedcostofincident.Therefore,asoilreceiver,theywilldoallthebesttopreventanincidentwhichresultistoactivateandconsumethefund.Inordertof