A Brief History of InternetWord格式文档下载.docx

A Brief History of InternetWord格式文档下载.docx

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RobertE.Kahn,LeonardKleinrock,DanielC.Lynch,

JonPostel,LarryG.Roberts,StephenWolff

*Introduction

*OriginsoftheInternet

*TheInitialInternetting

*ConceptsProvingtheIdeas

*TransitiontoWidespreadInfrastructure

*TheRoleofDocumentation

*FormationoftheBroadCommunity

*CommercializationoftheTechnology

*HistoryoftheFuture

*Footnotes

*Timeline

*References

*Authors

Introduction

TheInternethasrevolutionizedthecomputerandcommunicationsworldlikenothingbefore.Theinventionofthetelegraph,telephone,radio,andcomputersetthestageforthisunprecedentedintegrationofcapabilities.TheInternetisatonceaworld-widebroadcastingcapability,amechanismforinformationdissemination,andamediumforcollaborationandinteractionbetweenindividualsandtheircomputerswithoutregardforgeographiclocation.

TheInternetrepresentsoneofthemostsuccessfulexamplesofthebenefitsofsustainedinvestmentandcommitmenttoresearchanddevelopmentofinformationinfrastructure.Beginningwiththeearlyresearchinpacketswitching,thegovernment,industryandacademiahavebeenpartnersinevolvinganddeployingthisexcitingnewtechnology.Today,termslike"

bleiner@computer.org"

and"

//www.acm.org"

triplightlyoffthetongueoftherandompersononthestreet.1

Thisisintendedtobeabrief,necessarilycursoryandincompletehistory.MuchmaterialcurrentlyexistsabouttheInternet,coveringhistory,technology,andusage.AtriptoalmostanybookstorewillfindshelvesofmaterialwrittenabouttheInternet.2

Inthispaper,3severalofusinvolvedinthedevelopmentandevolutionoftheInternetshareourviewsofitsoriginsandhistory.Thishistoryrevolvesaroundfourdistinctaspects.ThereisthetechnologicalevolutionthatbeganwithearlyresearchonpacketswitchingandtheARPANET（andrelatedtechnologies）,andwherecurrentresearchcontinuestoexpandthehorizonsoftheinfrastructurealongseveraldimensions,suchasscale,performance,andhigherlevelfunctionality.Thereistheoperationsandmanagementaspectofaglobalandcomplexoperationalinfrastructure.Thereisthesocialaspect,whichresultedinabroadcommunityofInternautsworkingtogethertocreateandevolvethetechnology.Andthereisthecommercializationaspect,resultinginanextremelyeffectivetransitionofresearchresultsintoabroadlydeployedandavailableinformationinfrastructure.

TheInternettodayisawidespreadinformationinfrastructure,theinitialprototypeofwhatisoftencalledtheNational（orGlobalorGalactic）InformationInfrastructure.Itshistoryiscomplexandinvolvesmanyaspects-technological,organizational,andcommunity.Anditsinfluencereachesnotonlytothetechnicalfieldsofcomputercommunicationsbutthroughoutsocietyaswemovetowardincreasinguseofonlinetoolstoaccomplishelectroniccommerce,informationacquisition,andcommunityoperations.

OriginsoftheInternet

ThefirstrecordeddescriptionofthesocialinteractionsthatcouldbeenabledthroughnetworkingwasaseriesofmemoswrittenbyJ.C.R.LickliderofMITinAugust1962discussinghis"

GalacticNetwork"

concept.Heenvisionedagloballyinterconnectedsetofcomputersthroughwhicheveryonecouldquicklyaccessdataandprogramsfromanysite.Inspirit,theconceptwasverymuchliketheInternetoftoday.LickliderwasthefirstheadofthecomputerresearchprogramatDARPA,4startinginOctober1962.WhileatDARPAheconvincedhissuccessorsatDARPA,IvanSutherland,BobTaylor,andMITresearcherLawrenceG.Roberts,oftheimportanceofthisnetworkingconcept.

LeonardKleinrockatMITpublishedthefirstpaperonpacketswitchingtheoryinJuly1961andthefirstbookonthesubjectin1964.KleinrockconvincedRobertsofthetheoreticalfeasibilityofcommunicationsusingpacketsratherthancircuits,whichwasamajorstepalongthepathtowardscomputernetworking.Theotherkeystepwastomakethecomputerstalktogether.Toexplorethis,in1965workingwithThomasMerrill,RobertsconnectedtheTX-2computerinMass.totheQ-32inCaliforniawithalowspeeddial-uptelephonelinecreatingthefirst（howeversmall）wide-areacomputernetworkeverbuilt.Theresultofthisexperimentwastherealizationthatthetime-sharedcomputerscouldworkwelltogether,runningprogramsandretrievingdataasnecessaryontheremotemachine,butthatthecircuitswitchedtelephonesystemwastotallyinadequateforthejob.Kleinrock'

sconvictionoftheneedforpacketswitchingwasconfirmed.

Inlate1966RobertswenttoDARPAtodevelopthecomputernetworkconceptandquicklyputtogetherhisplanforthe"

ARPANET"

publishingitin1967.Attheconferencewherehepresentedthepaper,therewasalsoapaperonapacketnetworkconceptfromtheUKbyDonaldDaviesandRogerScantleburyofNPL.ScantleburytoldRobertsabouttheNPLworkaswellasthatofPaulBaranandothersatRAND.TheRANDgrouphadwrittenapaperonpacketswitchingnetworksforsecurevoiceinthemilitaryin1964.IthappenedthattheworkatMIT（1961-1967）,atRAND（1962-1965）,andatNPL（1964-1967）hadallproceededinparallelwithoutanyoftheresearchersknowingabouttheotherwork.Theword"

packet"

wasadoptedfromtheworkatNPLandtheproposedlinespeedtobeusedintheARPANETdesignwasupgradedfrom2.4kbpsto50kbps.5

InAugust1968,afterRobertsandtheDARPAfundedcommunityhadrefinedtheoverallstructureandspecificationsfortheARPANET,anRFQwasreleasedbyDARPAforthedevelopmentofoneofthekeycomponents,thepacketswitchescalledInterfaceMessageProcessors（IMP'

s）.TheRFQwaswoninDecember1968byagroupheadedbyFrankHeartatBoltBeranekandNewman（BBN）.AstheBBNteamworkedontheIMP'

swithBobKahnplayingamajorroleintheoverallARPANETarchitecturaldesign,thenetworktopologyandeconomicsweredesignedandoptimizedbyRobertsworkingwithHowardFrankandhisteamatNetworkAnalysisCorporation,andthenetworkmeasurementsystemwaspreparedbyKleinrock'

steamatUCLA.6

DuetoKleinrock'

searlydevelopmentofpacketswitchingtheoryandhisfocusonanalysis,designandmeasurement,hisNetworkMeasurementCenteratUCLAwasselectedtobethefirstnodeontheARPANET.AllthiscametogetherinSeptember1969whenBBNinstalledthefirstIMPatUCLAandthefirsthostcomputerwasconnected.DougEngelbart'

sprojecton"

AugmentationofHumanIntellect"

（whichincludedNLS,anearlyhypertextsystem）atStanfordResearchInstitute（SRI）providedasecondnode.SRIsupportedtheNetworkInformationCenter,ledbyElizabeth（Jake）FeinlerandincludingfunctionssuchasmaintainingtablesofhostnametoaddressmappingaswellasadirectoryoftheRFC'

s.Onemonthlater,whenSRIwasconnectedtotheARPANET,thefirsthost-to-hostmessagewassentfromKleinrock'

slaboratorytoSRI.TwomorenodeswereaddedatUCSantaBarbaraandUniversityofUtah.Theselasttwonodesincorporatedapplicationvisualizationprojects,withGlenCullerandBurtonFriedatUCSBinvestigatingmethodsfordisplayofmathematicalfunctionsusingstoragedisplaystodealwiththeproblemofrefreshoverthenet,andRobertTaylorandIvanSutherlandatUtahinvestigatingmethodsof3-Drepresentationsoverthenet.Thus,bytheendof1969,fourhostcomputerswereconnectedtogetherintotheinitialARPANET,andthebuddingInternetwasofftheground.Evenatthisearlystage,itshouldbenotedthatthenetworkingresearchincorporatedbothworkontheunderlyingnetworkandworkonhowtoutilizethenetwork.Thistraditioncontinuestothisday.

ComputerswereaddedquicklytotheARPANETduringthefollowingyears,andworkproceededoncompletingafunctionallycompleteHost-to-Hostprotocolandothernetworksoftware.InDecember1970theNetworkWorkingGroup（NWG）workingunderS.CrockerfinishedtheinitialARPANETHost-to-Hostprotocol,calledtheNetworkControlProtocol（NCP）.AstheARPANETsitescompletedimplementingNCPduringtheperiod1971-1972,thenetworkusersfinallycouldbegintodevelopapplications.

InOctober1972Kahnorganizedalarge,verysuccessfuldemonstrationoftheARPANETattheInternationalComputerCommunicationConference（ICCC）.Thiswasthefirstpublicdemonstrationofthisnewnetworktechnologytothepublic.Itwasalsoin1972thattheinitial"

hot"

application,electronicmail,wasintroduced.InMarchRayTomlinsonatBBNwrotethebasicemailmessagesendandreadsoftware,motivatedbytheneedoftheARPANETdevelopersforaneasycoordinationmechanism.InJuly,Robertsexpandeditsutilitybywritingthefirstemailutilityprogramtolist,selectivelyread,file,forward,andrespondtomessages.Fromthereemailtookoffasthelargestnetworkapplicationforoveradecade.ThiswasaharbingerofthekindofactivityweseeontheWorldWideWebtoday,namely,theenormousgrowthofallkindsof"

people-to-people"

traffic.

TheInitialInternettingConcepts

TheoriginalARPANETgrewintotheInternet.Internetwasbasedontheideathattherewouldbemultipleindependentnetworksofratherarbitrarydesign,beginningwiththeARPANETasthepioneeringpacketswitchingnetwork,butsoontoincludepacketsatellitenetworks,ground-basedpacketradionetworksandothernetworks.TheInternetaswenowknowitembodiesakeyunderlyingtechnicalidea,namelythatofopenarchitecturenetworking.Inthisapproach,thechoiceofanyindividualnetworktechnologywasnotdictatedbyaparticularnetworkarchitect