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优质PETS4真题
SectionIIIReadingComprehension(60minutes)阅读理解A
21、根据以下内容,回答21-40题。
Text1
Inflationhasjustexploded. Therealproblemisthatwehaveanunderlyingrateofinflation--animpetusofwageschasingprices--ofmaybe9percentthatisheadingtowards10percent. Therealsohavebeentremendousshocksinenergy,foodandhousingprices,makingitworse.
Bytheendoftheyear,wewillbeinasituationwhereyearin,yearout,wecanlookforwardtoatleast10percentinflation. Andthequestionwillbe:
Howmuchworsewilloil,foodandhousingpricesmakethat?
Thesituationhasdegeneratedtothepointthattheonlywaytoturnitaroundistothinkofsomeveryextremechangesinpolicy. Apolicyofgradualism,whereyou'retalkingaboutamildrecessionandanother1to2millionpeopleunemployed,won'tmakemuchdifference. Postponingactionjustmeansthatinflationpressesfurtherandisevenmoredifficulttodealwith.
Youhavetostartwithrevenueandmonetaryrestraint. Alltheburdennowisonmonetarypolicy. Weshouldshifttoamuchmorerestrictiverevenuepolicyandaneasiermonetarypolicy. Tobesignificant,the1981budgetshouldbecutbyatleast20billiondollarsfrom616billionPresidentCarterproposed. That'samajorcutingovernmentprograms--andveryhardtodo. It'simpossibleifyousavedefenseandalltheprogramsindexedforchangesinthecostofliving.
Soitmeanscutsacrosstheboardineveryarea--includingtheindexedprograms,suchasSocialSecurityandfoodstamps. Stateandlocal-governmentrevenue-sharingprogramsareanothermajorcandidate. You'vealsogottoreopenthe1980budgetandcutthat.
ThenIwouldfavorwageandpricecontrolstobreaktheimpetusofthewage-priceinteraction.
Inordertogetquickresults,I'dsetthestandardaround5or6percentforbothwagesandprices.
Basically,you'reaimingtocuttherateofinflationinhalfthefirstyear. Therewouldbenoexceptions,butyouwouldfocusonlargecorporationsandmajorlaborsettlements.
Forthe specialsectors wherethebigshockshaveoccurred,controlswon'twork. Instead,youneedadditionalpoliciesineachoneofthoseareas.
Therearenocheaporeasysolutionstotheinflationproblem. Myansweristotakeallthethingsthateverybodywantstodo,andinsteadofchoosingamongthem,doallofthem. We'vegottothinkintermsofacomprehensiveprogram.
Intheauthor'sopinion,thehighinflationrateintheU.S.wasaccompaniedby
A. energycrises.
B. mountingwages.
C. housingshortage.
D. shrinkingmarket.
22、Theonlywaytoreversetheworseningsituationseemstobe
A. apolicyofgradualism.
B. sacrificeofpublicinterests.
C. radicalchangesofpolicy.
D. postponingofdrasticactions.
23、Wecanlearnfromthefourthparagraphthat
A.asubstantialcutinannualrevenueiscalledfor.
B. defenseandsocialwelfareprogramsshouldundergocuts.
C.weshouldleaveintactprogramsforbetteringpeople'sliving.
D. weshouldexerciselesscontrolovermonetarypolicy.
24、Thephrase"specialsectors"(Line1,Paragraph7)mostprobablyrefersto
A. energy,foodandhousing.
B. indexedprograms.
C. socialsecurityandfoodstamps.
D. largecorporationsandlaborsettlements.
25、Whatisthetextmainlyabout?
A. ThedefectofU. S. monetarysystem.
B. Thecausesofever-worseninginflationintheU. S.
C. ProspectsfortheU.S. economicsituation.
D. AcomprehensivesettlementofinflationintheU. S.
26、Text2
根据内容,回答26-45问题。
ForcenturiesthemostvaluableofAfricanresourcesforEuropeansweretheslaves,butthesecouldbeobtainedatcoastalports,withoutanyneedforgoingdeepinland. SlaveryhadbeenanestablishedinstitutioninAfrica. Prisonersofwarhadbeenenslaved,aswerealsodebtorsandindividualsguiltyofseriouscrimes. Buttheseslavesusuallyweretreatedaspartofthefamily. Theyhadclearlydefinedrights,andtheirslavestatuswasnotnecessarilyinherited. ThereforeitiscommonlyarguedthatAfrica'straditionalslaverywasmildcomparedtotheVans-AtlanticslavetradeorganizedbytheEuropeans. Thisargument,however,canbecarriedtoofar. Inthemostre-centstudyofthissubject,somescholarswarnedagainsttheillusionthat"cruelanddehumanizingenslavementwasamonopolyoftheWest. Slaveryinitsextremeforms,includingthetakingoflife,wascommontobothAfricaandtheWest. ThefactthatAfricanslaveryhaddifferentoriginsandconsequencesshouldnotleadustodenywhatitwas——theexploitationandcontrolofhumanbeings. "NeithercanitbedeniedthatthewholesaleshipmentofAfricanstotheslaveplantationsoftheAmericaswasmadepossiblebytheparticipationofAfricanchiefswhoroundeduptheirfellowAfricansandsoldthemasahandsomeprofittoEuropeanshipcaptainswaitingalongthecoasts.
Grantingallthis,thefactremainsthatthetrans-AtlanticslavetradeconductedbytheEuropeanswasentirelydifferentinquantityandqualityfromthetraditionaltypeofslaverythathadexistedwithinAfrica. FromthebeginningtheEuropeanvarietywasprimarilyaneconomicinstitutionratherthansocial,asithadbeeninAfrica. Westernslavetradersandslaveownerswereactedonbypurelyeconomicconsiderations,andwerequitereadytoworktheirslavestodeathifitwasmoreprofitabletodosothantotreatthemmoremercifully. ThisinhumanitywasreinforcedbyracismwhentheEuropeansbecameinvolvedintheAfricanslavetradeonalargescale. PerhapsasasubconsciousrationalizationtheygraduallycametolookdownonNegroesasinherentlyinferior,andthereforedestinedtoservetheirwhitemasters. RationalizationalsomayhavebeeninvolvedintheEuropeans'useofreligiontojustifythetrafficinhumanbeings. Itwasargued,forinstance,thatenslavementassuredtheconversionoftheAfricanevil-believingreligionstothetruefaithaswellastocivilization.
Inthefirstparagraph,theauthorarguesthat
A. theEuropeanswereinnocentinthetradeofAfricanslaves.
B. slaveryinAfricaandintheWestwasthesameinnature.
C. theviewinthemostrecentstudiesofenslavementisbaseless.
D. slaveshadbeentreatedevenmorecruellyintheAfricantradition.
27、WhichofthefollowingwastrueofthelocalAfricanslavery?
A. Slavesmighthavetheirownfamilies.
B. Thesonofaslavemightnotbeaslave.
C. Slaverywasconfinedtothecoastalregions.
D. TherewasnokillinginAfricanslavery.
28、 Thesentence"Thisargument...canbecarriedtoofar"impliesthat
A.African'straditionalslaverywasinhumane.
B. theslaveryinAfricawasconfinedtosomeregions.
C. supportersofthisargumentknewlittleofAfrica.
D. slaveshipmentwasnotsoseriousaswasimagined.
29、Supportersoftherationalizationofslaverybelievethatthetrade
A. wasoutofgoodintentsfromthebeginning.
B. helpedthedevelopmentoflocalreligion.
C. wasahelpforcivilizingtheAfricans.
D. drovetheevilsoutoftheAfricanreligions.
30、Therelationbetweenthetwoparagraphsisthatinthe2ndparagraphtheauthor
A. challengestheviewpointinthe1stparagraph.
B. modifieshisviewexpressedinthe1stparagraph.
C. providesthereasonfortheargumentinthe1stparagraph.
D. furtheranalyzestheissuediscussedinthe1stparagraph.
Text3
根据内容,回答31-50问题。
AsWestNileviruscreepstowardCalifornia,anunlikelywarriorcouldprovidethefirstlineofdefense:
thechicken. Thefamiliarfowlmakeirresistibletargetsformosquitoes.Unlikecrows,chickensdon'tgetsickfromWestNile. Buttheydoproducetelltaleantibodiestothevirus. Sointestcoopsscatteredacrossthestate,morethan2000"sentinelchickens"submittofrequentbloodtests.Whenantibodiesdoturnup,Californiahealthofficialswillknowthattheinevitablehasoccurred:
theWestNileepidemicwillhavesweptthecountry.
Lastweekalone,morethan100newhumancasesofWestNilewerereported. TheviruswasdetectedasfarwestasColoradoandWyoming,infecting371andkilling16peoplein20statesplustheDistrictofColumbia.ThisyearWestNileappearedearlierinthemosquitoseason——mid-JuneinsteadofAugust--andclaimedyoungervictims;theaverageagedroppedfrom65to54. Federalhealthofficialsarestilltryingtofigureoutwhy,butsaytheymaybefindingmoreWestNilepreciselybecausethey'reonthelookoutforit. AsDr. JulieGerberding,thenewdirectoroftheCentersforDiseaseControl(CDC),recentlytoldreporters,"We'renotincrisismode. "
WhenWestNilehitNewYorkCityin1999,theCDCrealizeditwasavictimofitsownsuccess. Becausehealthofficialshadconqueredmostmosquito-bornediseasesdecadesago,manystates
abolishedtheirmosquito-controlprograms. TheFedsrushedinwithfunds--some$50millionsince1999,plus$31millionmorethisyearalone--totraininsectresearchers,setupstatetestinglabsandkillofftheannoyinginsects. TheCDCestablishedanewcomputermonitoringsystemandheldstrategysessionswithstateofficials.
Someepidemiologistsquestionthefocus--andthemillions--lavishedonavirusthat'skilledfewerthan20. "There'sanepidemicingunviolencethat'stakingmorelivesthanWestNilevirus,"saysDr. WilliamSteinmann,directoroftheTulaneCenterforClinicalEffectivenessandPrevention.ButtheFedssaytheireffortshavekeptWestNilefromdoingfarmoredamage. "We'rebasicallybuildingtheinfrastructuretodealwiththisoverthenext50years,"saysDr. LylePeterson,aCDCepidemiologist. "Thisisheretostay. "
Sofar,therearenoremediesforWestNile. Officialseventuallyexpectthevirustosettleintoaqu