智者投资箴言英文Word文档格式.docx
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Well,thefirstruleisthatyoucan'
treallyknowanythingifyoujustrememberisolatedfactsandtryandbang'
emback.Ifthefactsdon'
thangtogetheronalatticeworkoftheory,youdon'
thavetheminausableform.
You'
vegottohavemodelsinyourhead.Andyou'
vegottoarrayyourexperiencebothvicariousanddirectonthislatticeworkofmodels.Youmayhavenoticedstudentswhojusttrytorememberandpoundbackwhatisremembered.Well,theyfailinschoolandinlife.You'
vegottohangexperienceonalatticeworkofmodelsinyourhead.
Whatarethemodels?
Well,thefirstruleisthatyou'
vegottohavemultiplemodelsbecauseifyoujusthaveoneortwothatyou'
reusing,thenatureofhumanpsychologyissuchthatyou'
lltorturerealitysothatitfitsyourmodels,oratleastyou'
llthinkitdoes.Youbecometheequivalentofachiropractorwho,ofcourse,isthegreatboobinmedicine.
It'
sliketheoldsaying,"
Tothemanwithonlyahammer,everyproblemlookslikeanail."
Andofcourse,that'
sthewaythechiropractorgoesaboutpracticingmedicine.Butthat'
saperfectlydisastrouswaytothinkandaperfectlydisastrouswaytooperateintheworld.Soyou'
vegottohavemultiplemodels.
Andthemodelshavetocomefrommultipledisciplinesbecauseallthewisdomoftheworldisnottobefoundinonelittleacademicdepartment.That'
swhypoetryprofessors,byandlarge,aresounwiseinaworldlysense.Theydon'
thaveenoughmodelsintheirheads.Soyou'
vegottohavemodelsacrossafairarrayofdisciplines.
Youmaysay,"
MyGod,thisisalreadygettingwaytootough."
But,fortunately,itisn'
tthattoughbecause80or90importantmodelswillcarryabout90%ofthefreightinmakingyouaworldlywiseperson.And,ofthose,onlyamerehandfulreallycarryveryheavyfreight.
Solet'
sbrieflyreviewwhatkindofmodelsandtechniquesconstitutethisbasicknowledgethateverybodyhastohavebeforetheyproceedtobeingreallygoodatanarrowartlikestockpicking.
Firstthere'
smathematics.Obviously,you'
vegottobeabletohandlenumbersandquantitiesbasicarithmetic.Andthegreatusefulmodel,aftercompoundinterest,istheelementarymathofpermutationsandcombinations.Andthatwastaughtinmydayinthesophomoreyearinhighschool.Isupposebynowingreatprivateschools,it'
sprobablydowntotheeighthgradeorso.
sverysimplealgebra.ItwasallworkedoutinthecourseofaboutoneyearbetweenPascalandFermat.Theyworkeditoutcasuallyinaseriesofletters.
snotthathardtolearn.Whatishardistogetsoyouuseitroutinelyalmosteverydayofyourlife.TheFermat/Pascalsystemisdramaticallyconsonantwiththewaythattheworldworks.Andit'
sfundamentaltruth.Soyousimplyhavetohavethetechnique.
Manyeducationalinstitutions‑althoughnotnearlyenoughhaverealizedthis.AtHarvardBusinessSchool,thegreatquantitativethingthatbondsthefirstyearclasstogetheriswhattheycalldecisiontreetheory.Alltheydoistakehighschoolalgebraandapplyittoreallifeproblems.Andthestudentsloveit.They'
reamazedtofindthathighschoolalgebraworksinlife....
Byandlarge,asitworksout,peoplecan'
tnaturallyandautomaticallydothis.Ifyouunderstandelementarypsychology,thereasontheycan'
tisreallyquitesimple:
Thebasicneuralnetworkofthebrainistherethroughbroadgeneticandculturalevolution.Andit'
snotFermat/Pascal.Itusesaverycrude,shortcuttypeofapproximation.It'
sgotelementsofFermat/Pascalinit.However,it'
snotgood.
Soyouhavetolearninaveryusablewaythisveryelementarymathanduseitroutinelyinlife‑justthewayifyouwanttobecomeagolfer,youcan'
tusethenaturalswingthatbroadevolutiongaveyou.Youhavetolearntohaveacertaingripandswinginadifferentwaytorealizeyourfullpotentialasagolfer.
Ifyoudon'
tgetthiselementary,butmildlyunnatural,mathematicsofelementaryprobabilityintoyourrepertoire,thenyougothroughalonglifelikeaone‑leggedmaninanass‑kickingcontest.You'
regivingahugeadvantagetoeverybodyelse.
OneoftheadvantagesofafellowlikeBuffett,whomI'
veworkedwithalltheseyears,isthatheautomaticallythinksintermsofdecisiontreesandtheelementarymathofpermutationsandcombinations....
Obviously,youhavetoknowaccounting.It'
sthelanguageofpracticalbusinesslife.Itwasaveryusefulthingtodelivertocivilization.I'
vehearditcametocivilizationthroughVenicewhichofcoursewasoncethegreatcommercialpowerintheMediterranean.However,double-entrybookkeepingwasahellofaninvention.
Andit'
snotthathardtounderstand.
Butyouhavetoknowenoughaboutittounderstanditslimitations‑becausealthoughaccountingisthestartingplace,it'
sonlyacrudeapproximation.Andit'
snotveryhardtounderstanditslimitations.Forexample,everyonecanseethatyouhavetomoreorlessjustguessattheusefullifeofajetairplaneoranythinglikethat.Justbecauseyouexpressthedepreciationrateinneatnumbersdoesn'
tmakeitanythingyoureallyknow.
Intermsofthelimitationsofaccounting,oneofmyfavoritestoriesinvolvesaverygreatbusinessmannamedCarlBraunwhocreatedtheCFBraunEngineeringCompany.Itdesignedandbuiltoilrefineries‑whichisveryhardtodo.AndBraunwouldgetthemtocomeinontimeandnotblowupandhaveefficienciesandsoforth.Thisisamajorart.
AndBraun,beingthethoroughTeutonictypethathewas,hadanumberofquirks.Andoneofthemwasthathetookalookatstandardaccountingandthewayitwasappliedtobuildingoilrefineriesandhesaid,"
Thisisasinine."
Sohethrewallofhisaccountantsoutandhetookhisengineersandsaid,"
Now,we'
lldeviseourownsystemofaccountingtohandlethisprocess."
Andinduetime,accountingadoptedalotofCarlBraun'
snotions.Sohewasaformidablywillfulandtalentedmanwhodemonstratedboththeimportanceofaccountingandtheimportanceofknowingitslimitations.
Hehadanotherrule,frompsychology,which,ifyou'
reinterestedinwisdom,oughttobepartofyourrepertoire‑liketheelementarymathematicsofpermutationsandcombinations.
HisruleforalltheBraunCompany'
scommunicationswascalledthefiveW'
s‑youhadtotellwhowasgoingtodowhat,where,whenandwhy.AndifyouwrotealetterordirectiveintheBraunCompanytellingsomebodytodosomething,andyoudidn'
ttellhimwhy,youcouldgetfired.Infact,youwouldgetfiredifyoudidittwice.
Youmightaskwhythatissoimportant?
Well,againthat'
saruleofpsychology.Justasyouthinkbetterifyouarrayknowledgeonabunchofmodelsthatarebasicallyanswerstothequestion,why,why,why,ifyoualwaystellpeoplewhy,they'
llunderstanditbetter,they'
llconsideritmoreimportant,andthey'
llbemorelikelytocomply.Eveniftheydon'
tunderstandyourreason,they'
llbemorelikelytocomply.
Sothere'
sanironrulethatjustasyouwanttostartgettingworldlywisdombyaskingwhy,why,why,incommunicatingwithotherpeopleabouteverything,youwanttoincludewhy,why,why.Evenifit'
sobvious,it'
swisetostickinthewhy.
Whichmodelsarethemostreliable?
Well,obviously,themodelsthatcomefromhardscienceandengineeringarethemostreliablemodelsonthisEarth.Andengineeringqualitycontrol‑atleastthegutsofitthatmatterstoyouandmeandpeoplewhoarenotprofessionalengineers‑isverymuchbasedontheelementarymathematicsofFermatandPascal:
Itcostssomuchandyougetsomuchlesslikelihoodofitbreakingifyouspendthismuch.It'
sallelementaryhighschoolmathematics.AndanelaborationofthatiswhatDemingbroughttoJapanforallofthatqualitycontrolstuff.
Idon'
tthinkit'
snecessaryformostpeopletobeterriblyfacileinstatistics.Forexample,I'
mnotsurethatIcanevenpronouncethePoissondistribution.ButIknowwhataGaussianornormaldistributionlookslikeandIknowthateventsandhugeaspectsofrealityendupdistributedthatway.SoIcandoaroughcalculation.
ButifyouaskmetoworkoutsomethinginvolvingaGaussiandistributiontotendecimalpoints,Ican'
tsitdownanddothemath.I'
mlikeapokerplayerwho'
slearnedtoplayprettywellwithoutmasteringPascal.
Andbytheway,thatworkswellenough.Butyouhavetounderstandthatbell‑shapedcurveatleastroughlyaswellasIdo.
And,ofcourse,theengineeringideaofabackupsystemisaverypowerfulidea.Theengineeringideaofbreakpointsthat'
saverypowerfulmodel,too.Thenotionofacriticalmassthatcomesoutofphysicsisaverypowerfulmodel.
Allof