修辞文档格式.docx
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第二类:
替换类修辞格
1.metonymy(借代/转喻)
ItisafigureofspeechinwhichA’snameisusedtosubstituteB’sname,becausetherearesomecloserelationshipsbetweenthem.
e.g.Thekettleisboiling.(thewaterinthekettle)
Hehasaneyeforbeauty.(appreciation---thefunctionoftheorgan)
Useyourhead.(wisdom---thefunctionoftheorgan)
WallStreet:
U.S.financialcirclesUncleSam:
theUnitedStates
JohnBull:
England/theEnglishpeople
2.synecdoche(提喻)
Synecdochereferstothesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,thewholeforthepart,theabstractfortheconcrete,ortheconcretefortheabstract,thegenusforaspecies,orthespeciesforagenus,andthematerialforthethingfromwhichitismade.
e.g.IdoubtiftherewasaneyeinEnglandwhoweptforhisdeath.(person)
Chinawonthechampionshipatthetournament.(TheChineseteam)
Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns.(happinessandsadness)
Heistheadmirationofthestudents.(thepersonwhoisadmired)
3.euphemism(委婉语)
Itisafigureofrhetoricbywhichanunpleasantoroffensivethingisdescribedorreferredtobyamilderterm.
Itsfunctionistoavoidstimulating,givingcomfort,toeliminatevulgar,offeringcivilization,andtoabandonoutworn,providingnovelty.
e.g.seniorcitizen长者/passaway死亡/todoone’sduty/business上厕所
4.hyperbole(夸张)
Itisafigureofspeechconsistinginexaggeratedorextravagantstatement,usedtoexpressastrongfeelingorproduceastrongimpression,andnotintendedtobeunderstoodliterary.
e.g.Shecriedoceansoftears.
5.understatement(低调陈述)---litotes曲言法/反语&
Meiosis克制陈述
Itisafigureofspeechwhichcontainsanunderstatementofemphasis,andthereforetheoppositeofhyperbole,oftenusedineverydayspeechandusuallywithlaconic(简洁、寡言、轻描淡写)orironicintentions.
Litotes:
afigureofspeechinwhichanaffirmativeisexpressedbythenegationoftheopposite.(双重否定)通过否定事物的反面来实现对事物的间接肯定
e.g.Thereisneveraweekwithouthisfindingfaultswithme.
Meiosis:
afigureofspeechbywhichtheimpressionisintentionallyconveyedthatathingislessinsize,importance,etc,thanitreallyis.故意缩小事态,以弱说代替强说。
常使用rather,quite,almost,abit,alittle,scarcely,hardly,pretty,almost
第三类:
并列类修辞格
1.parallelism(平行结构—排比)
Itreferstotherhetoricaldevicetoputwords,phrases,clausesorsentences,whicharesimilarinconstruction,relevantinmeaningandthesameinmood,togetherinaparalleledway.(toenhancelanguage)
2.antithesis(对照)
Therhetoricalopposingorcontrastingofideasbymeansofgrammaticallyparalleledarrangementsofwords,clauses,orsentences.
e.g.Speechissilver;
silenceisgolden.
3.climax(层递)
Itisafigureofspeechinwhichanumberofphrasesorsentencesarearrangedinascendingorderofrhetoricalforcefulness.
Threecharacteristics:
aseriesofparallelparts;
atleastthreepoints;
therelationshipofthethreepointsshouldbefromsmalltobig,fromtheshallowertothedeeper,fromlighttoheavy,fromweaktostrongandatlasttothetop.
e.g.Hisacquaintances,hisfriendsandevenhisfamilyturnedagainsthim,thetraitor.
4.anti-climax(突降)
Thesuddentransitioninwritingorspeakingfromanideaofimportanceordignitytoanideatrialorludicrous,esp.atthecloseofaseries,sentenceorpassage.
e.g.Helosthisempire,hisfamily,andhisfountainpen.
第四类:
矛盾类修辞格
1.oxymoron(矛盾修辞法)
Anexpressioninitssuperficialorliteralmeaningself-contradictoryorabsurd,butinvolvingapoint.彬彬有礼,却显得冷淡
e.g.Ithinkthehostwasbehavinginacoldpleasantmannertowardustoday.
2.transferredepithet(移就)
Itisafigureofspeechinwhichtheepithetistransferredfromtheappropriatenountomodifyanothertowhichitdoesnotreallybelong.
e.g.asleeplessnightahappyday
3.paradox(似非而是的反论)
Astatementorsentimentthatisseeminglycontradictoryoropposedtocommonsenseandyetperhapstrueinfact.
e.g.Thechildisthefatherofman.
4.zeugma(轭式搭配法)
Awordisusedtomodifyorgoverntwoormorewordsalthoughitsuseisgrammaticallyorlogicallycorrectwithonlyone.
e.g.Themurdererkilledtheboyandtheluggage.
第五类:
双关类修辞格
1.pun(双关)
Thehumoroususeofaword,orofwordswhichareformedorsoundedalikebuthavedifferentmeanings,insuchawayastoplayontwoormoreofthepossibleapplication;
aplayonwords.
e.g.Wemustallhangtogether,orweshallhangseparately.
2.syllepsis(一语双叙法)
Theuseofawordinthesamegrammaticalrelationtotwoadjacentwordsinliteralsensewithoneandametaphoricalsensewiththeother.
e.g.Hecaughtabusandacold.
Heateabunandaglassofmilk.(zeugma)
3.irony(反语)
Itisafigureofspeechwhichtheintendedmeaningistheoppositeofthatexpressedbythewordsused.
e.g.Thisdiligentstudentseldomreadsmorethananhourpermonth.
第六类:
反复类修辞格
1.alliteration(头韵)
Repetition,usually,initiallyofasoundthatisusuallyaconsonantintwoormoreneighboringwordsorsyllables.
e.g.Health,humorandhappiness…It’sagiftwe’dlovetogive.
Assonance:
Repetition,usually,ofasoundthatisusuallyavowelintwoormoreneighboringwordsorsyllables.元韵
e.g.Timeandtidewaitfornoman.
Consonance:
Repetition,usually,finallyofasoundthatisusuallyaconsonantintwoormoreneighboringwordsorsyllables.
e.g.Speakingwithoutthinkingisshootingwithoutaiming.
2.repetition(反复)
Theuseofthesameword,phrase,soundetc.inapoem,speechetc.
e.g.Readingmakesafullman,meditationaprofoundman,discourseacleverman.
1.simile(明喻)是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系,两者都在对比中出现。
常用比喻词like,as,asif,asthough等,e.g.Thiselephantislikeasnakeasanybodycansee.
Helookedasifhehadjuststeppedoutofmybookoffairytalesandhadpassedmelikeaspirit.
2.metaphor(隐喻)这种比喻不通过比喻词进行,而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写,甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。
e.g.GermangunsandGermanplanesraineddownbombs,shellsandbullets...
Thediamonddepartmentwastheheartandcenterofthestore.
3.synecdoche(提喻)又称举隅法,主要特点是局部代表全体,或以全体喻指部分,或以抽象代具体,或以具体代抽象。
e.g.TheGreatWallwasmadenotonlyofstonesandearth,butofthefleshandbloodofmillionsofmen.
长城不仅是用石头和土建造的,而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。
句中的“thefleshandblood”喻为“thegreatsacrifice”(巨大的牺牲)
“...sayingthatitwasthemostbeautifultongueintheworld,...”
……他说这是世界上最美的语言。
这里用具体的“tongue”代替抽象的“language”。
Manyeyesturnedtoatall,20—yearblackgirlontheU.S.team.
这里的“manyeyes”代替了“manypersons”。
4.personification(拟人)这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上,使之人格化,以物拟人,以达到彼此交融,合二为一。
1、Shemayhavetensofthousandofbabiesinonesummer.(From“WatchingAnts”)
一个夏天她可能生育成千上万个孩子。
这里用“she”和“babies”把蜜蜂比作人类妇女的生育。
2、MyonlyworrywasthatJanuarywouldfindmehuntingforajobagain.
我唯一担心的是,到了一月份我又得去找工作。
英语里常把“年”“月”“日”人格化,赋以生命,使人们读起来亲切生动。
五、夸张(hyperbole)这是运用丰富的想象,过激的言词,渲染和装饰客观事物,以达到强调的效果。
1、Mybloodfroze.
我的血液都凝固了。
2、WhenItoldourfatheraboutthis,hisheartburst.
当我将这件事告诉我们的父亲时,他的心几乎要迸出来。
3、MyheartalmoststoppedbeatingwhenIheardmydaughter’svoiceonthephone.
从电话里一听到我女儿的声音,我的心几乎停止跳动。
六、叠言(rhetoricalrepetition)这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中,将相同的结构,相同意义词组成句子重叠使用,以增强语气和力量。
1、Itmustbecreatedbythebloodandtheworkofallofuswhobelieveinthefuture,whobelieveinmanandhisgloriousman—madedestiny.
它必须用我们这些对于未来,对于人类以及人类自己创造的伟大命运具有信心的人的鲜血和汗水去创造。
2、...Becausegoodtechniqueinmedicineandsurgerymeansmorequickly—curedpatients,lesspain,lessdiscomfort,lessdeath,lessdiseaseandlessdeformity.
因为优良的医疗技术和外科手术意味着更快地治疗病人,更少痛苦,更少不安,更少死亡,更少疾病,和更少残废。
七、借代(metonymy)是指两种不同事物并不相似,但又密不可分,因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。
1、Severalyearslater,wordcamethatNapoleonyhhimselfwascomingtoinspectthem...
几年以后,他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。
“word”在这里代替了“news,information”(消息、信息)
2、Alspokewithhiseyes,“yes”.
艾尔用眼睛说,“是的”。
“说”应该是嘴的功能,这里实际上是用眼神表达了“说话的意思”。
八、双关语(pun)是以一个词或词组,用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来,以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。
Napoleonwasastonished.”Eitheryouaremad,orIam,”hedeclared.“Both,sir!
”criedtheSwedeproudly.
“Both”一词一语双关,既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子,又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役。
九、拟声(onomatopoeia)是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音,其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似,使语言显得生动,富有表现力。
1、Ontherootoftheschoolhousesomepigeonsweresoftlycooing.
在学校房屋的屋顶上一些鸽子正轻轻地咕咕叫着。
2、Shebroughtmeintotouchwitheverythingthatcouldbereachedorfelt——sunlight,therustlingofsilk,thenoisesofinsects,thecreakingofadoor,thevoiceofalovedone.
她使我接触到所有够得着的或者感觉得到的东西,如阳光呀,丝绸摆动时的沙沙声呀,昆虫的叫声呀,开门的吱嗄声呀,亲人的说话声呀。
十、讽刺(irony)是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义,从而达到使本义更加幽默,更加讽刺的效果。
Well,ofcourse,Iknewthatgentlemenlikeyoucarryonlylargenotes.
啊,当然,我知道像你这样的先生只带大票子。
店员这句话意在讽刺这位穿破衣的顾客:
像你这样的人怎么会有大票子呢?
名为“gentlemen”实则“beggar”而已。
十一、通感(synesthesia)是指在某个感官所产生的感觉,转到另一个感官的心理感受