分析高层建筑火灾因素与防火措施毕业论文外文翻译Word文件下载.docx

分析高层建筑火灾因素与防火措施毕业论文外文翻译Word文件下载.docx

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High-risebuildingfireshavemanycharacteristics,suchasthediversityofblazing,factors,variouswaysoffiresspreading,thedifficultyofevacuationandsavingactivitiesetc.Thusinordertoattainapartialeventtreewhosetopeventisthedirectfirehazardloss,thecomprehensiveanalysisofthefactorsthatcancausehigh-risebuildingfiresisneeded.Establishinghigh-risebuildingfiresafetysystemandcountermeasurebeginsfrom"

man-machine-environment"

thatistosaytechnology（hardware）andmanagement（software）whichhighlighttheeffectofguidingandcoordinationofmanagementtotechnology,withmanagementasoutlinesandtechnologyasmethod:

establishingandimprovingthesavesystem,strengthening"

ThreeSimultaneous”,enhancingsafetymanagementoftherelatedpersonnelandcultivatingthesenseofsafety,soundingthefireprecautionaryemergencyprogram.Thestudyaimsatsolvingfireprotectionofhighrise

buildingandprovidingsomepracticalvaluetothedesignofhigh-risebuilding,assessmentoffiresafetyandestablishmentofprecautionaryemergencyprogram.

1.Introduction

Withthedevelopmentofurbaneconomy,high-risebuildingsandsuperhigh-risebuildingsbecomemoreandmorebecauseofhighpopulationdensityandlandprice.Nowadaysinourcountryhigh-risebuildingsdevelopintothedirectionofmodernization,maximizationandmulti-functions,soitbecomesmoredifficulttoputoutfiresfromoutsideandevacuatethanonethattakesplaceinordinaryconstructionsconsideringthehighfloors,complexfunctionsanddiversifieddevices.Ofcourseittendstocausegreateconomicallossandpersonnelcasualtyaccidentseasily.ThestatisticsfromMinistryofPublicSecuritysuggeststhatfiresinoururbancommunityriseobviouslyyearbyyear,especiallyfiresinhigh-risebuildingswhichtakeupagreatproportion[1].Firedisastersinhigh-risebuildingswererelativelysevereduring1980sto1990s,thenslightlymitigatein1990s,butinrecentyears,ithaspresentedupturntendencysincetherapiddevelopmentofeconomicconstruction,suchasonewhichtookplaceinofficebuildingofWuhangovernmentHubeiProvince,April17th,2009,twodayslater,oneoccurringatInternationalSquareBuildingofNanjing,JiangsuProvinceandtherecentreportaboutafirethathappenedatahighresidencebuildingofJinganareainShanghai,November15th,2010.Themainreasonswereabouthardwarewhichhasnosoundingfirefightingsystem,thatistosaythefightingequipmentsdon'

tmatchthefloorsandsoftware

inanotherword,managementofrelatedpersonnelandsafetysensecultivationare

lacked.Thefireproofofhigh-risebuildingisstillaworldwidedifficultproblem.Theauthoranalysesthepartialeventtreewhosetopeventisthedirectfirehazardlossaccordingtothecharacteristicsofhigh-risebuildingsandfires.Establishhigh-risebuildingfiresafetysystemframeworkandemphasizefourdirectionsoffiresafetycountermeasurefrom"

man-machineenvironment"

thatistosaytechnology（hardware）andmanagement（software）.Theauthoraimedatprovidingsomepracticalvaluetosolvethedifficulty.

2.Thecharacteristicsofhigh-risebuildingsandfires

High-risebuildingshavethreecharacteristics:

Constructionstructureiscomplicated（itshighheight,manyfloorsandpodium）;

Functionsarecomplicatedandthepopulationdensityishigh（widefunctionsincludingresidentialbuilding,hotel,officebuilding,storeandsoon）;

Combustiblesismultipleandfireloadislarge（muchcombustibledecorative

material,suchasceilingfromcombustiblematerial,wallclothofplastic,wallpaper,curtainandsoon[2]）.Characteristicsdrawingfromaboveareasfollowing[3-4]:

（1）Firespreadsquickly.High-risebuildinghasmanystaircases,elevatorshafts,pipeshafts,airpassages,cableshaftsandmanyotherverticalshafts.Iffireseparationisnotarrangedreasonably,theywillbecomeloftychimneys,inotherwords,theywillbecomethepassagestospreadfire,especiallyinsuperiorhotels,comprehensivebuildings,libraries,officebuildingsandotherhigh-risebuildings.Becauseofmuchexistingcombustiblematerial,onceitcatchesfire,combustionwillspreadquicklyandbeofhighintensity.Accordingtodetermination,owingtoairconvection,thehorizontalvelocityof

smokediffusionis0.3m/sintheinitialstageoffire,whenintheviolentstageoffire,anditmayreachat3-4m/s（Fig1）.Onceahigh-risebuildingwiththeheightof100mcatchesfire,smokewilldiffusetothetopfloorthroughtheverticalshaftsin30secondsanditsvelocityismorethan10timesofthatinthehorizontaldirection.

（2）Itisdifficulttoevacuate.Thefeaturesofhigh-risebuildingsareasfollowings:

Firstly,therearemanyfloorsandtheverticaldimensionislong,what’smore,itwillcosttoomuchtimetoevacuate.Secondly,populationdensityisconcentrated.Thirdly,onceitcatchesfire,airflowisunblockedandfiresandsmokespreadquickly.Allofthoseincreasethedifficultyofevacuation.Somedevelopedcitiespurchaseafewoflift-upfireengines,whilethemajoritycitieswithhigh-risebuildingshavenoone,besidestheheightofthemcan'

tmeettherequirementofsafetyevacuationandfighting.Generallyspeaking,ordinaryelevatorsdon'

tworkbecausetheycan'

tprotectfromsmokeandfiresorpowerfails.Therefore,itdependsonstairstoevacuateinmajorityhigh-risebuildings.Ofcourseitisdifficulttoevacuate,becausethestaircasesarefilledofsmoke.Allabovearethemaindisadvantagestoevacuateinhigh-risebuildings.

（3）Itishardtoputoutthefire.Itisfairlydifficulttoputoutfiresfromoutsidebecausetheheightofhigh-risebuildingsrangesfromtensofmeterstohundredsofmeters.Thereforewehavetodependonself-savethataretosaywehavetoputoutfiresbyindoorfireapparatuses.Duetothelimitationofeconomyandtechnology,theindoorfireapparatusesofhighrisebuildingsarenotperfect,especiallyforthesecondclassofhigh-risebuildings.Itismoredifficulttoputoutfireshappeninginhigh-risebuildingsbecauseofitsstrongthermalradiation,thespeedoffirespreading,andthelackoffirewaterandsoon.

3.Theanalysistothefactorsthatmaycausehigh-risebuildingfires

Itisanimportantpartoftheestablishmentoffiresafetysystemandfiresafetycountermeasuretoanalyzethefactorsthatmaycausefires.Thusthecomprehensiveanalysisofthefactorsisanessentialprerequisitetoestablishfiresafetysystemandtoputforwardfiresafetycountermeasure.Theoccurrenceanddevelopmentoffiresdonothappenintwinklingbutaseriesofdevelopingprocesses.Itisanecessaryconditionforfirestohavecombustibles,comburentandignitionsourcetogether,whileenoughdisaster-deducingfactors（suchasbuildingstructurestrengthandmaterial,fireloadcharacteristicanddistribute,theformationandstrengthofignitionsource,firealarmsystem,fireequipment,emergencycountermeasure,thegroupandsoon）arethesufficientcondition.Whenthenecessaryconditionmixeswiththeoutsideenvironmentalcondition,thefirewilloccur,developandspread,thenresultsincasualtiesandpropertyloss.ApartialeventtreewhosetopeventisthedirectfirehazardlossismadebyanalyzingfireaccidentcasesanditisshownjustasFig2.

EvidencefromFig2:

thetrendofbuildingfiresafetyisnotonlyrelatedtothelife-cycleofbuilding,thesenseoffiresafetyandthecarryingoutmeasuresbutalsotherelatedtopersonnelandtheinterfacesbetweensystemsthatareconsistedofpersonnelandbuildings.Theseneedtoestablishperfectfireprotectionsystemandstrengthen"

ThreeSimultaneous"

.Thatistosayfire-fightingfacilitiesmustbedesigned,constructedandputintheproductionatthesametime.Itisnotdifficulttorecognizethattheexistenceofdefecteventsincludeselementsofsafetymanagement.Thatistostrengthenthesafetymanagementandcultivaterelatedpersonnelthesafetysenseofbuildingfireprotectionafterthehardwareofbuildingenvironmentisdetermined.

High-risebuildingfiresareakindofriskeventswhicharethreatentolifeandpropertyofpeople.Thereareaboutthousandsoftheseeventseveryyearinourwholecountry,whichhaveterribleimpactonourwholesocietyandtakeenormousdamages.Inordertoknowandprotectfireaccidents,thedangerlevelofburstingfireeventsshouldbedecreasedandthedangershouldbecontrolledtolowestextent,besidesitneedsaperfectprecautionaryemergencyprogramandawell-trainedorganization[5-7].Analysisofthecausesofhigh-risebuildingfirescannotonlyhelptheemergencyrescuebutalsocontributetofindingthedefaultsofprecautionarysystem.Ifbothofthemcancombinetogetherandsupplymutually,thenfiresafetysystemofhigh-risebuildingswillbebetter.

4.Firesafetycountermeasuresofhigh-risebuildings

Safetyisabestsituation,wheresystemsof"

canrealizemutualcoordination.Inordertoachievethegoal,itneedstoguaranteethesafetyofpersonnelandmachine-environment.Ononehand,somemeasuresshouldbetakenintechnologytomakethesystemofmachine-environmentwithabilitytoensuresafety,ontheotherhand,therelationshipbetweenthepersonnelandthesystemofmachine-environmentinmanagementshouldbecoordinated.Thatistosayweshouldrealizetheharmonyofsystemfrommeasuresinbothtechnologyandmanagement.Fig3presentsbuildingfiresafetysystem.Thesystememphasesthetimingrelevanceandthedynamiccharacteristicsofbuildingfiresafetytrend,whichcarriesoutthemanagementbasedo