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《CriticalPerspectivesonInternationalBusiness》,2018,6
(1):
38-52(如觉得年份太老,可改为近2年,毕竟很多毕业生都这样做)
英文3189单词,17020字符(字符就是印刷符),中文5098汉字。
此文档是毕业设计外文翻译成品(含英文原文+中文翻译),无需调整复杂的格式!
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一辈子也就一次的事!
Culture,languageandtheroleofthetranslator
ininternationalbusiness
TeessideUniversityBusinessSchool,UK
Abstract
PurposeIssuesoflanguageininternationalbusinesshavebeenthefocusofagrowingbodyoftheoreticalandempiricalwork,andthispapercontributestothisliterature,focusingspecificallyonissuesoftranslation.Theroleoftranslatorwillvarydependingonthelanguagestrategyadopted,withstrategieslinkedtodifferingperspectivesonlanguageininternationalbusiness–mechanical,culturalandpolitical.Weexaminetheseperspectivesthroughthelensofaspecificproblemfortransnationalcommunication–„untranslatable‟wordsandconcepts.
Design/methodology/approachInterviewswereconductedwith
professionallinguists(translatorsandinterpreters)toexplorehowtheydealtwithissuesofuntranslatablebutculturalsalientwordsintheirday-to-dayworkwithinternationalbusinesses,usingtheproblemsoftranslatingtheFarsiwordtaroufintoEnglishasacaseinpoint.
FindingsThelinguistsagreedthattaroufwasanuntranslatableword,and
describedtheirstrategiestodealwiththisproblem.Thecommonest
strategywasavoidance,stemmingfromlinguists‟concerntomaintaintheirprofessionalstandingwithclients,afindingwhichreflectsanemergingemphasisontheimportanceofcontextandrelationshipsfor
understandinginter-culturalcommunication.
PracticalimplicationsThestudyhighlightsthecrucialroleofthetranslatorininternationalbusiness,anddrawsattentiontothepotentialforcross-culturalcommunicationproblemsarisingfrommutuallackofawarenessofculturally-salientbutinherentlyuntranslatablewordsorphrases.
SocialimplicationsEffectiveinter-culturalcommunicationisanissueof
greatimportancetowidersociety,andbusinesshashistoricallybeenthecommonestsiteofsuchcommunication.Ourstudyhighlightsanissueofconsiderableimportanceforimprovinginter-culturalcommunications,contributingtoagrowinginter-disciplinaryliteratureinthisarea.
Originality/valueMuchoftheresearchonlanguageininternational
businesshasfocusedontheemergenceofEnglishasalinguafranca,butthepresentstudyfocusesonspecificissuesoftranslationanddoessoinanunder-researchedlocation,Iran.Itdrawsattentiontoaproblemoftranslationnotwidelydiscussed,andshowshowimportantthisissuecanbeforinternationalbusiness.
Keywords:
internationalbusiness;
interpreters;
language;
tarouf;
translators;
cross-culturalcommunication
Introduction
Themultinationalcorporation(MNC)is,bydefinition,amultilingualorganisation(Fredrikssonetal,2006)andmultilingualsituationsoccur
withincreasingregularityatvariouslevelsoftheorganisation(Charlesand
Marschan-Piekkari,2002).ThoughissuesofcommunicationwithinMNCshavebeenaconcernwithinthefieldofinternationalbusinessforanextendedperiod,thespecificissueoflanguagewasneglecteduntilrelativelyrecently(Janssensetal,2004;
Welchetal,2005).Apossibleexplanationisthatinternationalbusinesspracticehasalsobeensomewhatblindtothisissue–thoughthepracticalitiesoflanguagebarrierswerewidelyrecognised,thefullimplicationsof„talkingadifferentlanguage‟werenot.WelchandWelchsuggestlanguageis„amentalmodel,framingactivityandbehaviour‟(2008:
341),andtheseframingeffectscanbevisibleevenatthelevelofasingleword.
AnexampleisofferedbyWierzbicka‟s(2001)examinationofthePolishwordprzykro.Usuallytranslatedashurt,offended,sorryorsad,Wierzbickasuggestssomethingislostintranslation,describingprzykoasa„culturallysalienPolishemotion.„ThatisnottosaythatspeakersofEnglishneverexperiencetheemotionassociatedinPolishwiththewordprzykro;
onlythattheydonotthinkhabituallyabouttheirexperiencesintheseterms‟(Wierzbicka,2001:
22).TheChinesewordguanxioffersanotherobviousexampleofawordwhichisbothculturallysalientandyetinherently„untranslatable‟.Gaunxihasbecomewidelyknown–discussedandresearchedtoapointwherethereisadegreeofawarenessoftheconceptanditsimportanceininternationalbusiness.
Linguisticimperialism
Muchoftheliteratureontheroleoflanguageininternationalbusinesshasfocusedontwoparticularfeatures.ThefirstisthedecisionsmadebyMNCsregardinglanguageuse,particularlyaroundchoicesastowhethertoadoptacorporatelinguafranca(andifso,whichlanguagetoadopt)
andrelatedissuesoftranslationandinterpretation.Thesecondisthe
studyofthegrowthofEnglishasalinguafranca,throughlinguisticimperialism(Philipson,1992).
Thoughacomplexnotion,linguisticimperialismisusefullycapturedastheprocessbywhichspeakersofone
languagecometofeelitnecessarytouseanotherlanguage,„tothepointwheretheybelievetheycanandshoulduseonlythatforeignlanguagewhenitcomestotransactionsdealingwiththemoreadvancedaspectsoflife‟(Ansre,1979,citedinSliwe,2008).Ansreisclearlydescribingafinaloutcome,andtheprocessoflinguisticimperialismislikelytobehighlycontested.Thoughthepresentarticleisfocusedonissuesoftranslationininternationalbusiness,theriseofEnglishasalinguafrancathroughlinguisticimperialismformsanimportantbackdropourstudy,andwewillbrieflyexplorethisliterature.
Languagebarriersininternationalbusiness
Theseissuesoftranslationcanobviouslybeviewedasalanguagebarrierforinternationalbusiness,butHarzingandFeely(2008)arguethattheideaof„languagebarriers‟hasbeenratherunder-defined.Theyproposeamodelofcommunicationinwhichdifferentcomponentscontributetoaviciouscirclewhichcreatesthelanguagebarrier–failuretocommunicateeffectivelyleadstouncertainty,anxietyandmistrust,whichproducesmisattribution,conflictandcognitivedistortion,towhichthevariouspartiesrespondbyengagingingreaterformalityincommunication,whichislesseffective...andthecircleiscompleted.TheirmodelfocusesontheHQ-subsidiaryrelationshipinMNCs,buttheideathatcommunicationproblemsarisingfromlanguagedifferencesmightproduceaviciouscircleseemsrelevanttoarangeofsettingswithininternationalbusiness.
Jamesonarguesthatlanguage„definesculturalgroups,aswellasbeingthemostfrequentlyusedsymbolicsystemsthroughwhichcultureisconveyed‟(2007:
214),andassuchitiscoretocross-culturalcommunicationinallsettings.Oneofthekeyissueswhichledustoexaminetheissueof„untranslatable‟wordsisthattheyarelikelytoleadtosituationsinwhichthefailuretocommunicateeffectivelyiseithernotrecognised,orisrecognisedbutbafflingtothepartiesinvolved.
TranslationStudies
Inthissectionwewanttoexaminesomeofthekeyideasinthefieldoftranslationstudieswhichmightshedlightonthepresentstudy,thoughitisusefultorecallNida‟spointthatmanytranslatorswillnotdrawupontheoryinanyconsciousfashion:
Insteadofspeakingoftheoriesoftranslation,weshouldperhapsspeakmoreaboutvariousapproachestothetaskoftranslating,differentorientationswhichprovidehelpfulinsight,anddiversewaysoftalkingabouthowamessagecanbetransferredfromone
languagetoanother.(Nida,1991:
21).
Wecanseethatthetranslatorhasakeyroletoplayinthisprocess,butPym(2006)notesthatuntilrecentlythefieldoftranslationstudieshaspaidrelativelylittleattentiontotheirroleasmediators.Itshouldbenotedthatalthoughwehaveusedtranslatorasagenericterm,itismoreprecise
tousethistorefertothosewhotranslatethewrittenword.Translatorsofthespokenwordaremorecommonlyreferredtoasinterpreters,andPym
(2006)suggeststhattheimportanceofthemediatingroleismoreobvious
andimmediateforinterpreters.Consistentwiththis,ourfindingssuggestthattheissueofuntranslatablewordspresentsmoreofaproblemforinterpretersthantranslators.
AnoverviewofTarouf
Tarouf(„tar-off’)isaFarsiwordwhichdescribesacomplexculturalconstruct.ThreedifferentEnglish-Farsidictionariesofferthefollowingtranslations:
-salutation,compliment,comity,chivalry
-compliment,ceremony,offer,present
-compliment(s),ceremony,offer,gift,flummery,courtesy,flattery,
formality,goodmanners,softtongue,honeyedphrases.
Manyofthesewordshaveonlylimitedrelationtoeachother,andthisisbecausetheycanbeseenasfacetsoftarouf,andthekindsofbehavioursassociatedwithit.Twoexamplesillustratetaroufmoreeffectivelythanthesedefinitions.ThefirstisanIranianjoke:
Manyyearsago,ayoungPersianwomanbecamepregnant.The
monthspassedandshekeptgettingbigger,finallyninemonthscamebutnobabycameout.Shekeptgettingbiggerandbigger…butstillnobaby!
Yearswentbyuntilshebecameanoldwomanwithahugebelly.Finallythedoctorshadamachinethatcouldlookintoherbellyandseewhatwasgoingoninthere.Theylookedinsideandsawtwomenwithbeardssayingtoeachother,‘afteryou’,‘no,afteryou’,‘noplease,afteryou’.
AsecondexamplewastoldtousbyanIranianabouthiscousin,bornin
theUKofIranianparents,whomadehisfirstvisittoIraninhisearl