大学英语考试复习资料大学六级模拟238Word文件下载.docx

大学英语考试复习资料大学六级模拟238Word文件下载.docx

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问题:

1.

1．上图为×

市市民对中学生出国留学看法的统计，请简单描述该图

2．请说明两种观点可能的论述理由

3．你对出国留学的看法，并为人们的顾虑提供可能的解决方法

答案:

ShouldHighSchoolStudentsStudyAbroad?

Inthisglobalvillage,moreandmore,Chinesearestudyingabroad,andtheageofoverseasstudentsisfalling.Astowhetherhighschoolstudentsshouldjointhetrend,peoplehavesplitviews.AccordingtoastudyinXcity,65%ofthepeoplegoinforit,while35%areopposedtoit.

Theproponentsbelievestudyingabroadisagoodthing,ifcircumstancesallowed.First,goingabroadoffersaforeignlanguageenvironment.Alsostudentsmayexperienceanothereducationsystemandlifestyle.Moreover,highschoolstudentscanfosterasenseofindependence,inordertobetterprepareforthefuture.However,somepeoplestillholdreservation.Oneoftheconcernsisthehightuitionfeeandlivingcosts.Anotheristhatsomestudentsmayabusefreedomduetolackof-discipline.

Personally,Iamsupportiveofsuchachoiceforyoungpeoplelikehighschoolstudents.Theycannotonlylearnadvancedtechnologies,butalsogainaninsightintoothercultures.Asforthebigcosts,studentsmayapplyforscholarshipsordosomepart-timejobs.Whatismore,studyingabroadandparentalsupervisionarenotmutuallyexclusive.Thankstomoderncommunicationfacilities,parentsmayofferconstantencouragementandguidancefromadistance.写作提示：

图表题在六级考试中并不常见，但是2002年也出现过，因此最好也要有一定的了解。

根据提纲，对图表的描述仅占全文三分之一左右的内容，因此重点其实还是考生熟悉的议论文体。

对于该题，第一段按照要求列出持两种观点人的比例，可以自己设计一个调查。

第二段提出双方的一些主要理由，例如开拓视野、培养自主能力、费用高昂、背井离乡等等。

第三段可以做一个总结，并针对前文提到的反方观点给予解决方法。

PartⅡReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）

Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.

Forquestions1-4,mark

Y（forYES）ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;

N（forNO）ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;

NG（forNOTGIVEN）iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.

Forquestions5-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

TheDebateoverGeneticallyModifiedFoods

·

Ricewithbuilt-inVitaminAthatcanhelppreventblindnessin100millionchildrensufferingfromVitaminAdeficiency

Atomatothatsoftensmoreslowly,allowingittodeveloplongeronthevineandkeeplongerontheshelf

Potatoesthatabsorblessfatwhenfried,changingtheever-popularFrenchfriesfromjunkfoodintoamorenutritionalfood

Strawberrycropsthatcansurvivefrost

Thesearesomeofthebenefitspromisedbybiotechnology.Thedebateoveritsbenefitsandsafety,however,continues.Dowereallyneedtofearmutant（突变体）weeds,killertomatoes,andgiantcomandwillthebenefitsbedelivered?

ConventionalBreedingVersusGeneticallyModified（GM）Crops

Forthousandsofyearsfarmershaveusedaprocessofselectionandcrossbreedingtocontinuallyimprovethequalityofcrops.Eveninnature,plantsandanimalsselectivelybreed,thusensuringtheoptimumgenepoolforfuturegenerations.Traditionalbreedingmethodsareslow,requiringintensivelabor:

Whiletryingtogetadesirabletraitinabredspecies,undesirabletraitswillappearandbreedersmustcontinuetheprocessoverandoveragainuntilalltheundesirablesarebredout.

Incontrast,organismsacquireonespecificgeneorafewgenestogetherthroughgeneticmodification,withoutothertraitsincludedandwithinasinglegeneration.However,thistechnologytooisinherentlyunpredictableandsomescientistsbelieveitcanproducepotentiallydangerousresultsunlessbettertestingmethodsaredeveloped.

Traditionalbreedingisbasedonsexualreproductionbetween,likeorganisms.Thetransferredgenesaresimilartogenesinthecelltheyjoin.Theyareconveyedincompletegroupsandinafixedsequencethatharmonizeswiththesequenceofgenesinthepartnercell.Incontrast,bioengineersisolateagenefromonetypeoforganismandsplice（接合）ithaphazardlyintotheDNAofadissimilarspecies,disruptingitsnaturalsequence.Further,becausethetransplantedgeneisforeigntoitsnewsurroundings,-itcannotadequatelyfunctionwithoutabigartificialboost.

Oneofthemaindifferencesbetweenconventionalandgeneticallymodifiedcropsisthattheformerinvolvescrosseseitherwithinspeciesorbetweenverycloselyrelatedspecies.GMcropscanhavegeneseitherfromcloselyrelatedspeciesorfromdistantspecies,evenbacteriaandviruses.

Benefits:

OneSideoftheDebate

Economicalbenefits

GMsupporterstellfarmersthattheystandtoreapenormousprofitsfromgrowingGMcrops.Initially,thecostisexpensivebutmoneyissavedonpesticides.ToproducetheGMcrops,modernbiotechnologyisusedwhichrequireshighlyskilledpeopleandsophisticatedandexpensiveequipment.Largecompaniesneedconsiderableinvestmentsinlaboratories,equipmentandhumanresources,hencethereasonwhyGMcropsaremoreexpensiveforfarmersthantraditionalcrops.GMcrops,farmersaretold,areafarbetteroption.Ittakesashortertimetoproducethedesiredproduct.Itispreciseandtherearenounwantedgenes.

Herbicide-ResistantCrops

SowhatotheradvantagesdoGMcropsholdforfarmers?

GMcropscanbeproducedtobeherbicide-resistant.Thismeansthatfarmerscouldspraythesecropswithherbicideandkilltheweeds,withoutaffectingthecrops.Ineffect,theamountofherbicideusedinoneseasonwouldbereduced,withasubsequentreductionincostsforfarmersandconsumers.ForIngardcotton,pest-resistancewasbuiltintothecotton,hencereducingandevenremovingtheuseofpesticides,whicharenotonlyexpensivebut,moreimportantly,harmfultotheenvironment.

Biotechnologycompaniesareevenexperimentingwithcropsthatcanbegeneticallymodifiedtobedrought-andsalt-tolerant,orlessreliantonfertilizer,openingupnewareastobefarmedandleadingtoincreasedproductivity.However,theclaimsoflessherbicideusagewithGMcropshavetillnownotbeenindependentlysupportedbyfacts.

BetterQualityFoods

Evenanimalscanbegeneticallymodifiedtobeleaner,growfaster,andconsumelessfood.Theycouldbemodifiedtohavespecialcharacteristics,suchasgreatermilkproductionincows.Thesemodificationsagainleadtoimprovedproductivityforfarmersandultimatelylowercostsfortheconsumer.Modifiedcropscouldperhapspreventoutbreakssuchasfootandmouthdisease,whichhasdevastatedmanyfarmersandlocaleconomies.

Nosuchproductshavebeenreleasedtodate;

however,someareunderconsiderationforrelease.Forexample,GMsalmon,capableofgrowingalmost30timesfasterthannaturalsalmon~maysoonbeapprovedbytheFDA（FoodandDrugAdministration）intheU.S.forreleaseintoopenwaterswithoutasinglestudyontheimpactonhumanhealthortheenvironment.

Risks:

theOtherSideoftheDebate

ThemajorconcernsofthosewhoopposeGMfoodscenteronthefollowing:

EnvironmentalDamage

TheproblemwithGMcropsisthatthereislittleknownaboutwhateffecttheywillhavein,say,20yearstime.ThegeneticstructureofanylivingorganismiscomplexandGMcroptestsfocusonshort-termeffects.Notalltheeffectsofintroducingaforeigngeneintotheintricategeneticstructureofanorganismaretested.Willthepeststhatacropwascreatedtoresisteventuallybecomeresistanttothiscrop?

ThenthereisalwaysthepossibilitythatwemaynotbeabletodestroyGMcropsoncetheyspreadintotheenvironment.

RisktoFoodWeb

Afurthercomplicationisthatthepesticideproducedinthecropmayunintentionallyharmcreatures.GMcropsmayalsoposeahealthrisktonativeanimalsthateatthem.Theanimalsmaybepoisonedbythebuilt-inpesticides.TestsintheU.S.showedthat44%ofcaterpillarsofthemonarchbutterflydiedwhenfedlargeamountsofpollen（花粉）fromGMcorn.

Cross-Pollination（授粉）

Cross-pollinationisaconcernforbothGMcropsandconventionalbreeding,especiallywiththemoreseriousweedsthatarecloselyrelatedtothecrops.Withcarefulmanagementthismaybeavoided.Geneticmodificationtoherbicide-resistantcropscouldinsertthegenethatpreventstheproblem.Thenumberofherbicide-tolerantweedshasincreasedovertheyearsfromasinglereportin1978tothe188herbicide-tolerantweedtypesin42countriesreportedin1997.Theyareanever-increasingproblemandgeneticengineeringpromisestostopit.ButwillgenesfromGMplantsspreadtootherplants,creatingsuperweedsandsuperbugswewon'

tbeabletocontrol?

GMMix-Ups

HumanscaninadvertentlyeatfoodsthatcontainGMproductsmeantasanimalfeed,i.e.,cropsmodifiedforincreasedproductivityinanimals.ThishappenedintheU.S.,wheretracesofaStarLinkGMcrop,restrictedtouseonlyinfeed,werefoundintacoshells.Apparentlynoonebecameiii,butothersuchoccurrencesmayleadtohealthproblems.

Disease

Anotherconcernisdisease.SincesomecropsaremodifiedusingtheDNAfromvirusesandbacteria,willweseenewdiseasesemerge?

WhatabouttheGMcropsthathaveantibiotic-resistantmarkergenes?

Markergenesareusedbyscientiststodeterminewhethertheirgeneticmodificationofaplantwassuccessful.Willtheseantibiotic-resistantgenesbetransferredtomicroorganismsthatcausedisease?

Wealreadyhaveaproblemwithineffectiveantibiotics.Howcanwedevelopnewdrugstofigh