比较教育学重点Word文件下载.docx

比较教育学重点Word文件下载.docx

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Differences:

Structural-functionalism:

envisions展望consensus一致andequilibrium均衡tobehallmarks印记ofsocialintercourse交流andhumanprogress,andseesstability稳定性asnaturalanddesirabl令人满意的e.

Marxism:

questionsthepossibilityofconsensus,critiquetheauthenticity真实性ofapparentconsensus,andassertthatconflictratherthanstabilityistheoverriding高于一切的catalystforsocialchange.

B.PostmodernistandPoststructuralistPerspectives

Denyrationalistexplanations,challengeandquestionmodernization

Questionthepossibilityof“masternarratives”大叙事orencompassingtheoreticalarguments

Focusonotherwisemarginalized边缘化alternativeperspectives

Rejectpredictabilityasgoalfortheory

2.Structural-functionalism

Stabilityandequilibrium,beingcentralwithinthestructural-functionalistanalysis,reflectthetheory’sidentityasaconsensusperspective.

A.WhatisStructural-functionalism

ThreeMajorCharacteristicsofStructural-functionalism

a）Unitary统一的:

Structural-functionalism’sidentityasaconsensustheoryisbuiltontheconvictionthatsocietyisunitaryandthatthebuildingandpreservationofagreementisthepreferredandmostpowerfulsocialforce.

b）Coherence连贯性:

notonlyasaunituntoitselfbutalsointermsoftherelationshipsthatexistamongitsvariouselements.Socialinstitutionsarenotjustacollectiveofpeople,but,rather,anentity实体havingclearpurposeandpotentialtofulfillsocialneeds,especiallysocialsolidarity.

c）Stability:

workingtowardsharmonyanditsownself-preservation,anditsownrelianceonthemotionofequilibriumasafundamentaltraitofsociety,andsocialprogressispredictablylinear.

Structural-functionalismisaframeworkforbuildingtheorythatseessocietyasacomplexsystemwhosepartsworktogethertopromotesolidarityandstability.Thisapproachlooksatsocietythroughamacro-levelorientation,whichisabroadfocusonthesocialstructuresthatshapesocietyasawhole,andbelievesthatsocietyhasevolvedlikeorganisms.

B.Criticism

Structural-functionalistthoughtdoesnotitselfarticulate使相互连贯amodelofchangebecauseitsproponentsviewchangeasaconsequenceofsocietalresponsetoimbalancesorimperfections,oradjustmentsorrefinements改良品ofexistingsocialconditions,ratherthanaschangesinthesocialorder.

C.ApplyonEducationalPractice

a）Schoolsareimportantcontributorstothemaintenanceofequilibrium

b）Classroomsarespaceswhereresponsibleandproductivecitizensareformed

c）Teachersconveyandreinforcevaluesthatnurturestudents’societalparticipationinlinewithmainstreamsocialvaluesratherthaninoppositiontothosevalues.

d）Literacyisoneamongmanyskillsthatcontributestoeconomicandsocialproductivity,andthiskeepswiththemaintenanceofstatusquowithaneyeonthenurturanceofastablesocialorder.

第一个理论记住几个关键词：

stability,coherence,equilibrium,unity，并理解好这几个词，然后看看教育方面的应用就差不多了。

3.Modernization

A.WhatisModernizationTheory?

Humannatureisavariable可变的ratherthanaconstantintermsoftheprospectforchange;

thisviewofhumannatureasvariable,malleable,可塑的andthereforesubjecttorefinementiskey.

Modernizationtheorytiessocietaldevelopmenttothelevelofindividualperson,and,so,providesarationalefortheroleofeducationwithinsocietiesseekingtomodernize.Developmentbecomesafunctionoftheattainmentofmodernattitudesattheindividuallevel;

society’smodernizationbecomesaproductofthepercolationoftheseattitudesthroughoutanexpandingcircleofitsindividualmembers.

Progressissequential连续的andpossessingmomentum.势头Humanprogressisgovernedinpartbyanaturalmotivetowardsachievement.

Modernstatesarewealthierandmorepowerful,andthattheircitizensarefreertoenjoyahigherstandardofliving.（urbanization,industrialization,Newtechnologyisamajorsourceofsocialchange,buttheydon’tchangesocietiesbyitself.）

Humanagencycontrolsthespeedandseverityofmodernization.

Summary:

adaptationofstructural-functionalism,generallypredictableandmanageable,aprescriptionofchange,educationofindividuals

Theideological意识形态的andculturalbiasesinherentinthetheory

a）Westernbiases:

modernization≠westernization

b）Traditionalvalues:

Modernizationvaluesmightnotbeincompatible不相容的withtraditionalones.

Questiontheassumptionthattheattainmentofmodernvaluesattheindividuallevelwillinfacttranslateintoasociety-widephenomenonatlevelsthatarecapableofgeneratingandsustainingnationaldevelopment.

C.ModernizationTheoryuponTeachers

Connectsindividualstudents’progresswiththesociety’sgeneralreadinessforthefuture

Schools—well-preparedcitizensformodernization

Moderninstitutionsinstilled逐渐灌输inindividuals,encouragingtheadoptionofmodernbehaviorsamongcitizens

基本理论都要知道，批判的观点要知道，教育的观点要知道，基本上这里的都挺重要的。

4.HumanCapitalFormationTheory人力资本构造理论

A.Sociology社会学Concept

Thetermcapitalpertains从属tobothmaterialandotherresourcesthatcontributetotheaccumulationofwealthbyindividualsorbysocieties.

Investmentsintheacquisition获得ofgoodswillreap收获returns.

Education’spotentialasaspur鼓舞forinvestments

B.HumanCapitalFormationTheoryandEducation

Adoptsstructural-functionalism’soverarching首要的commitments,reflectingadirectandfunctionalrelationshipbetweeneducationanddevelopment

Nation-stateasadiscrete离散的andvitalfocusofanalysis,generallyattributingeconomicunder-developmenttofactorswithinthesocietyinquestion.

Pursuemeasurability可测量性byseekingtoaccountforallfactorsthatmightcontributetoeconomicgrowth—hereagainpointingtostructural-functionalismtowardsprediction,causality因果关系,andthemanageabilityofsocietyanditsactivities.

Investmentandeducationthattheyenvision,intheirmodernistandwesternizedviewofprogressanddevelopment,andintheirfocusonthesocietyasthefunctionalandharmoniouscontextfortheoreticalanalysisandpolicyaction.

A的内容可以不看，只是基础，B的内容才是重点。

5.Marxism

A.BasicSociologicalPerspectivesofMarxism

Scientificcommunism科学社会主义/Historicalmaterialism历史唯物主义

Changeasadialogueorinteractionbetweentwoentities实体

Substructureofdifferentsocialclassesorsociallevels—strata

Conflict

Bourgeoisie资产阶级—ExploitingClasses剥削阶级—Occupyworkers

Proletariat无产阶级—Exploitedpositions—BeingcontrolledbyBourgeoisie

DifferencesbetweenMarxismandStructural-functionalism:

Whilebothacknowledgethatsocialinstitutionsandmechanismsdoworktowardtheendofpreservingsociety,thestructural-functionalismseesthistendencyasfundamentallydesirable令人满意的andjust.Marxist,incontrast,critiquethesameargumentinfavorofsocietalstabilityasunfairifinequitiesaremaintainedamongsociety’ssubstrata.下层

EstrangementandAlienationPerspectives疏远和异化的角度

Therefore,raisingconsciousnessaboutunfairconditionsarenecessaryinordertoreplacefeelingsofpowerlessnesswithasenseofcapacityandagencyregardingone’sowncircumstances.

Marxcontended满足thatthelatentconflictbetweenadvantagedanddisadvantagedclasseswouldinevitablybecomeovert明显的.Thehistoryofhumanexperiencehasexhibitedunendingconflictbetweenoppressorsandtheoppressed.Theseconflictsareresolvedthroughdominantclassreplacingitspredecessor前任torenewoppositionatahigherlevel,withoppressiontakingnewforms.

B.MarxismandEducation

Context-centeredanalysis:

problemsrelatedtofairdistributionsofhumanoutputsareaddressedbyknowledgegainedthroughasciencerootedinunderstandingthenatureofhumancommunicationandagreementratherthanonthepredictionandcontrolofnaturalenvironments.

SchoolinginMarxistcountriesisthevehiclesfordialectical辩证的progressfromacapitalistsocietytothecommunistsociety.

Supportspecializedindustrialandtechnicaleducationascatalysts催化剂forhumanprogresswhileeschewing避免formsofeducationthatweretoonarrowtoenablethoughtfulappraisalsofsocialcircumstances.

Acurriculumbasedonthethreeaimsofmentaleducation,physicaleducation,andtechnologicallearning.

Correspondence相当性Theory:

thesystemofcounterpartsbetweenschoolsandworkplaces.ThistheoryispessimisticaboutaspectsthatMertonhadcharacterizedasbenign,stabilizingforces—the“latent”functionsofschool,suchaspassivecompliancewiththeverticalpowerstructuresofauthority,strictschedules,etc.

C.Criticism

Westernbias—focusonthehistoryofmaterialismintheEuropeancontextanddidnotgrapplewiththeissueofunderdevelopment

NotallsocietiesreflectthepresenceofsortsofclassstructuresMarxisttheoriesdescribe

D.SummaryofMarxistPerspectives

Adherents追随者ofMarxisttheoryacknowledgetheexistenceofconsensusandtheappearanceofstabilitybutarepessimisticaboutthedegreetowhichconsensusisgenuine真实的.ForMarx,classstructureswithinsocietyareharmoniousinappearance,andsocialchangeoccurswhenlatent潜在的conflictbetweenexploitedworkingorproletariatclassesandcapitalbourgeoisclassesbecomeovert.Marxisttheoryismorethananideologicalimpetus动力forpoliticalenterprisesandremainsapotent有效的conflict-orientedcounterbalance平衡力totheprevailing盛行consensusperspectives.Inresponsetocontemporarycallsformoreschoolstoproduceabetter-preparedworkforce,neo-Marxistthinkerscontinuetopressthequestion,“Whoseeconomyisitthattheschoolmustbe