语言学家.doc

语言学家.doc

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Chapter7

1.D.A.Wilkins:

HeisaBritishlinguistandthenotionsyllabusproposedbyhimshouldbepaidsomeattention.SomeofthecurriculumreformsinlanguageteachinginEuropeintheseventies,includingnotionsyllabusareattemptstoorganizesecondlanguagecurriculaonsemanticratherthangrammaticalprinciples.Inotherwords,insteadofarrangingalanguagecourseprimarilyintermsofnoun,thearticle,verbtenses,arrangementofadjectives,andthelike,Wilkinssuggestedthatbasiccategoriesofmeaningshouldconstitutetheessentialframeworkofthecourse.Hisschemeincludesnotionsoftime,space,quantity,andsoon,aswellasthecommunicativefunctionswhichlearnersneedintheforeignlanguage,suchasenquiring,informing,requesting,greetingandsoforth.Besides,hishaspublishedthebookLinguisticsinLanguageTeaching.

（P132）

2.ZelligHarris（October23,1909-May22,1992）wasarenownedAmericanlinguist,mathematicalsyntactician,andmethodologistofscience.OriginallyaSemiticist,heisbestknownforhisworkinstructurallinguisticsanddiscourseanalysisandforthediscoveryoftransformationalstructureinlanguage.Thesedevelopmentsfromthefirst10yearsofhiscareerwerepublishedwithinthefirst25.Hiscontributionsinthesubsequent35yearsofhiscareerincludesublanguagegrammar,operatorgrammar,andatheoryoflinguisticinformation.ItiswidelybelievedthatHarriscarriedBloomfieldianideasoflinguisticdescriptiontotheirextremedevelopment:

theinvestigationofdiscoveryproceduresforphonemesandmorphemes,basedonthedistributionalpropertiesoftheseunits.HisMethodsinStructuralLinguistics（1951）isthedefinitiveformulationofdescriptivestructuralworkashehaddevelopedituptoabout1945.Thisbookmadehimfamous,butissometimesmisinterpreted,fromagenerativistpointofview,asasynthesisofa"neo-Bloomfieldianschool"ofstructuralism.（P133）

3.B.F.Skinner（March20,1904-August18,1990）wasanAmericanpsychologist,author,inventor,socialphilosopher,andpoet.HewastheEdgarPierceProfessorofPsychologyatHarvardUniversityfrom1958untilhisretirementin1974.Rejectingtheparole-languedistinction,heinachallengingbookonverbalbehavioradoptedastrictlybehavioristicpointofviewandarguedthatonlyobservableobjectofscientificstudyidtheverbalbehavior,thespeechutterancesandtexts（i.e.parole）.LangueaccordingtoSkinner,isamentalisticandunscientificabstraction.Hisworkonverbalbehaviorisanattempttoaccountforalllinguisticactivitiesentirelywithintermsofovertandobservableeventswithoutanyappealtoan“underlyingsystem”.（P129）

4.FerdinandvonHumboldt（22June1767–8April1835）wasaGermanphilosopher,governmentfunctionary,diplomat,andfounderofHumboldtUniversität.Heisespeciallyrememberedasalinguistwhomadeimportantcontributionstothephilosophyoflanguageandtothetheoryandpracticeofeducation.Inparticular,heiswidelyrecognizedashavingbeenthearchitectofthePrussianeducationsystemwhichwasusedasamodelforeducationsystemsincountriessuchastheUnitedStatesandJapan.（P142）

5.CharlesF.Hockett（January17,1916–November3,2000）wasanAmericanlinguistwhodevelopedmanyinfluentialideasinAmericanstructuralistlinguistics.Herepresentsthepost-Bloomfieldianphaseofstructuralismoftenreferredtoas"distributionalism"or"taxonomicstructuralism".HisacademiccareerspannedoverhalfacenturyatCornellandRiceuniversities.（P143）

6.LarrySelinkerproposedthetheoryofinterlanguage（1972）,notingthatinagivensituationtheutterancesproducedbythelearneraredifferentfromthosenativespeakerswouldproducehadtheyattemptedtoconveythesamemeaning.Thiscomparisonrevealsaseparatelinguisticsystem.（P125）

7.Malinowski（7April1884–16May1942）wasaPolishanthropologist,widelyconsideredoneofthemostimportant20th-centuryanthropologists,andalsoinfluentialinstructuralfunctionalistsociology.HispioneeringethnographicfieldworkmadeamajorcontributiontothestudyofMelanesiaandofphenomenarelatingtoreciprocity.Andhisstudydohavesomecontributiontothelinguistics.（P138）

8.LouisHjelmslev（October3,1899 –May30,1965）wasaDanishlinguistwhoseideasformedthebasisoftheCopenhagenSchooloflinguistics.Bornintoanacademicfamily,HjelmslevstudiedcomparativelinguisticsinCopenhagen,PragueandParis（witha.o.AntoineMeilletandJosephVendryes）.In1931,hehelpedtofoundtheCercleLinguistiquedeCopenhague.TogetherwithHansJørgenUldallhedevelopedanewtheoryonlanguage,coiningthewordGlossematik（inEnglish,glossematics;thewordwaspartiallyderivedfromtheGreek"glossa"whichmeans"tongue"or"language"）.Hjelmslev'ssignmodelisadevelopmentofSaussure'sbilate