ted演讲稿我得到的最好的礼物Word格式.docx

ted演讲稿我得到的最好的礼物Word格式.docx

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ted演讲稿我们为什么要睡眠中文简介：

一生中，我们有三分之一的时间都在睡眠中度过。

关于睡眠，你又了解多少?

睡眠专家RussellFoster为我们解答为什么要睡觉，以及睡眠对健康的影响。

WhatIdliketodotodayistalkaboutoneofmyfavoritesubjects,andthatistheneuroscienceofsleep.Now,thereisasound--（Alarmclock）--aah,itworked--asoundthatisdesperately,desperatelyfamiliartomostofus,andofcourseitsthesoundofthealarmclock.Andwhatthattrulyghastly,awfulsounddoesisstopthesinglemostimportantbehavioralexperiencethatwehave,andthatssleep.Ifyoureanaveragesortofperson,36percentofyourlifewillbespentasleep,whichmeansthatifyouliveto90,then32yearswillhavebeenspententirelyasleep.Nowwhatthat32yearsistellingusisthatsleepatsomelevelisimportant.Andyet,formostofus,wedontgivesleepasecondthought.Wethrowitaway.Wereallyjustdontthinkaboutsleep.AndsowhatIdliketodotodayischangeyourviews,changeyourideasandyourthoughtsaboutsleep.AndthejourneythatIwanttotakeyouon,weneedtostartbygoingbackintime.Enjoythehoney-heavydewofslumber.Anyideaswhosaidthat?

ShakespearesJuliusCaesar.Yes,letmegiveyouafewmorequotes.Osleep,Ogentlesleep,naturessoftnurse,howhaveIfrightedthee?

Shakespeareagain,from--Iwontsayit--theScottishplay.[Correction:

HenryIV,Part2]（Laughter）Fromthesametime:

Sleepisthegoldenchainthattieshealthandourbodiestogether.Extremelyprophetic,byThomasDekker,anotherElizabethandramatist.Butifwejumpforward400years,thetoneaboutsleepchangessomewhat.ThisisfromThomasEdison,fromthebeginningofthe20thcentury.Sleepisacriminalwasteoftimeandaheritagefromourcavedays.Bang.（Laughter）Andifwealsojumpintothe1980s,someofyoumayrememberthatMargaretThatcherwasreportedtohavesaid,Sleepisforwimps.Andofcoursetheinfamous--whatwashisname?

--theinfamousGordonGekkofromWallStreetsaid,Moneyneversleeps.Whatdowedointhe20thcenturyaboutsleep?

Well,ofcourse,weuseThomasEdisonslightbulbtoinvadethenight,andweoccupiedthedark,andintheprocessofthisoccupation,wevetreatedsleepasanillness,almost.Wevetreateditasanenemy.Atmostnow,Isuppose,wetoleratetheneedforsleep,andatworstperhapsmanyofusthinkofsleepasanillnessthatneedssomesortofacure.Andourignoranceaboutsleepisreallyquiteprofound.Whyisit?

Whydoweabandonsleepinourthoughts?

Well,itsbecauseyoudontdoanythingmuchwhileyoureasleep,itseems.Youdonteat.Youdontdrink.Andyoudonthavesex.Well,mostofusanyway.Andsothereforeits--Sorry.Itsapletewasteoftime,right?

Wrong.Actually,sleepisanincrediblyimportantpartofourbiology,andneuroscientistsarebeginningtoexplainwhyitssoveryimportant.Soletsmovetothebrain.Now,herewehaveabrain.Thisisdonatedbyasocialscientist,andtheysaidtheydidntknowwhatitwas,orindeedhowtouseit,so--（Laughter）Sorry.SoIborrowedit.Idontthinktheynoticed.Okay.（Laughter）ThepointImtryingtomakeisthatwhenyoureasleep,thisthingdoesntshutdown.Infact,someareasofthebrainareactuallymoreactiveduringthesleepstatethanduringthewakestate.Theotherthingthatsreallyimportantaboutsleepisthatitdoesntarisefromasinglestructurewithinthebrain,butistosomeextentanetworkproperty,andifweflipthebrainonitsback--Ilovethislittlebitofspinalcordhere--thisbithereisthehypothalamus,andrightunderthereisawholeraftofinterestingstructures,notleastthebiologicalclock.Thebiologicalclocktellsuswhenitsgoodtobeup,whenitsgoodtobeasleep,andwhatthatstructuredoesisinteractwithawholeraftofotherareaswithinthehypothalamus,thelateralhypothalamus,theventrolateralpreopticnuclei.Allofthosebine,andtheysendprojectionsdowntothebrainstemhere.Thebrainstemthenprojectsforwardandbathesthecortex,thiswonderfullywrinklybitoverhere,withneurotransmittersthatkeepusawakeandessentiallyprovideuswithourconsciousness.Sosleeparisesfromawholeraftofdifferentinteractionswithinthebrain,andessentially,sleepisturnedonandoffasaresultofarangeofOkay.Sowherehavewegotto?

Wevesaidthatsleepisplicatedandittakes32yearsofourlife.ButwhatIhaventexplainediswhatsleepisabout.Sowhydowesleep?

Anditwontsurpriseanyofyouthat,ofcourse,thescientists,wedonthaveaconsensus.Therearedozensofdifferentideasaboutwhywesleep,andImgoingtooutlinethreeofthose.Thefirstissortoftherestorationidea,anditssomewhatintuitive.Essentially,allthestuffweveburnedupduringtheday,werestore,wereplace,werebuildduringthenight.Andindeed,asanexplanation,itgoesbacktoAristotle,sothats,what,2,300yearsago.Itsgoneinandoutoffashion.Itsfashionableatthemomentbecausewhatsbeenshownisthatwithinthebrain,awholeraftofgeneshavebeenshowntobeturnedononlyduringsleep,andthosegenesareassociatedwithrestorationandmetabolicpathways.Sotheresgoodevidenceforthewholerestorationhypothesis.Whataboutenergyconservation?

Again,perhapsintuitive.Youessentiallysleeptosavecalories.Now,whenyoudothesums,though,itdoesntreallypanout.Ifyoupareanindividualwhohassleptatnight,orstayedawakeandhasntmovedverymuch,theenergysavingofsleepingisabout110caloriesanight.Now,thatstheequivalentofahotdogbun.Now,Iwouldsaythatahotdogbuniskindofameagerreturnforsuchaplicatedanddemandingbehaviorassleep.SoImlessconvincedbytheenergyconservationidea.ButthethirdideaImquiteattractedto,whichisbrainprocessingandmemoryconsolidation.Whatweknowisthat,ifafteryouvetriedtolearnatask,andyousleep-depriveindividuals,theabilitytolearnthattaskissmashed.Itsreallyhugelyattenuated.Sosleepandmemoryconsolidationisalsoveryimportant.However,itsnotjustthelayingdownofmemoryandrecallingit.Whatsturnedouttobereallyexcitingisthatourabilitytoeupwithnovelsolutionstoplexproblemsishugelyenhancedbyanightofsleep.Infact,itsbeenestimatedtogiveusathreefoldadvantage.Sleepingatnightenhancesourcreativity.Andwhatseemstobegoingonisthat,inthebrain,thoseneuralconnectionsthatareimportant,thosesynapticconnectionsthatareimportant,arelinkedandstrengthened,whilethosethatarelessimportanttendtofadeawayandbelessimportant.Okay.Sowevehadthreeexplanationsforwhywemightsleep,andIthinktheimportantthingtorealizeisthatthedetailswillvary,anditsprobablewesleepformultipledifferentreasons.Butsleepisnotanindulgence.Itsnotsomesortofthingthatwecantakeonboardrathercasually.Ithinkthatsleepwasoncelikenedtoanupgradefromeconomytobusinessclass,youknow,theequiavlentof.Itsnotevenanupgradefromeconomytofirstclass.Thecriticalthingtorealizeisthatifyoudontsleep,youdontfly.Essentially,younevergetthere,andwhatsextraordinaryaboutmuchofoursocietythesedaysisthatwearedesperatelysleep-deprived.Soletsnowlookatsleepdeprivation.Hugesectorsofsocietyaresleep-deprived,andletslookatoursleep-o-meter.Sointhe1950s,gooddatasuggeststhatmostofusweregettingaroundabouteighthoursofsleepanight.Nowadays,wesleeponeandahalftotwohourslesseverynight,sowereinthesix-and-a-half-hours-every-nightleague.Forteenagers,itsworse,muchworse.Theyneedninehoursforfullbrainperformance,andmanyofthem,onaschoolnight,areonlygettingfivehoursofsleep.Itssimplynotenough.Ifwethinkaboutothersectorsofsociety,theaged,ifyouareaged,thenyourabilitytosleepinasingleblockissomewhatdisrupted,andmanysleep,again,lessthanfivehoursanight.Shiftwork.Shiftworkisextraordinary,perhaps20percentoftheworkingpopulation,andthebodyclockdoesnotshifttothedemandsofworkingatnight.Itslockedontothesamelight-darkcycleastherestofus.Sowhenthepooroldshiftworkerisgoinghometotryandsleepduringtheday,desperatelytired,thebodyclockissaying,Wakeup.Thisisthetimetobeawake.Sothequalityofsleepthatyougetasanightshiftworkerisusuallyverypoor,againinthatsortoffive-hourregion.Andthen,ofcourse,tensofmillionsofpeoplesufferfromjetlag.Sowhoherehasjetlag?

Well,mygoodnessgracious.Well,thankyouverymuchindeedfornotfallingasleep,becausethatswhatyourbrainiscraving.Oneofthethingsthatthebraindoesisindulgeinmicro-sleeps,thisinvoluntaryfallingasleep,andyouhaveessentiallynocontroloverit.Now,micro-sleepscanbesortofsomewhatembarrassing,buttheycanalsobedeadly.Itsbeenestimatedthat31percentofdriverswillfallasleepatthewheelatleastonceintheirlife,andintheU.S.,thestatisticsareprettygood:

100,000accidentsonthefreewayhavebeenassociatedwithtiredness,lossofvigilance,andfallingasleep.Ahundredthousandayear.Itsextraordinary.Atanotherlevelofterror,wedipintothetragicaccidentsatChernobylandindeedthespaceshuttleChallenger,whichwassotragicallylost.Andintheinvestigationsthatfollowedthosedisasters,poorjudgmentasaresultofextendedshiftworkandlossofvigilanceandtirednesswasattributedtoabigchunkofthosedisasters.Sowhenyouretired,andyoulacksleep,youhavepoormemory,youhavepoorcreativity,youhaveincreasedimpulsiveness,andyouhaveoverallpoorj