职称英语理工类A级新增文章Word文档下载推荐.docx
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andstarsareborn.
"
I'
mveryexcitedbecausewe'
regoingtobeseeingpartsoftheuniversethatwehaven'
tseen
before,"
saidNedWright,ascientistwhodirectstheWISEproject.
Sincearrivinginspace,theWISEtelescopehasbeencirclingtheEarth,heldbygravityina
polarorbit4（thismeansitcrossesclosetothenorthandsouthpoleswitheachlap5）.Itscamerais
pointedoutward,awayfromtheEarth,andWISEwillsnapapictureofadifferentpartofthesky
every11minutes.Aftersixmonthsitwillhavetakenpicturesacrosstheentiresky.
ThepicturestakenbyWISEwon'
tbelikeeverydaydigitalphotographs,however.WISE
standsfor"
Wide-fieldInfraredSurveyExplorer."
Asitsnamesuggests,theWISEcameratakes
picturesoffeaturesthatgiveoffinfraredradiation6.
Radiationisenergythattravelsasawave.Visiblelight,includingthefamiliarspectrumof
light7thatbecomesvisibleinarainbow,isanexampleofradiation.Whenanordinarydigital
cameratakesapictureofatree,forexample,itreceivesthewavesofvisiblelightthatarereflectedoffthetree.Whenthesewavesenterthecamerathroughthelens,they'
reprocessedbythecamera,whichthenputstheimagetogether.
Wavesofinfraredradiationarelongerthanwavesofvisiblelight,soordinarydigitalcameras
don'
tseethem,andneitherdotheeyesofhumanbeings.Althoughinvisibletotheeye,longer
infraredradiationcanbedetectedaswarmthbytheskin.
That'
sakeyideatowhyWISEwillbeabletoseethingsothertelescopescan'
t.Not
everythingintheuniverseshowsupinvisiblelight.Asteroids,forexample,aregiantrocksthat
floatthroughspace一buttheyabsorbmostofthelightthatreachesthem.Theydon'
treflectlight,sothey'
redifficulttosee.Buttheydogiveoffinfraredradiation,soaninfraredtelescopelikeWISEwillbeabletoproduceimagesofthem.DuringitsmissionWISEwilltakepicturesof
hundredsofthousandsofasteroids.
Browndwarfs8areanotherkindofdeep-spaceobjectthatwillshowupinWISE'
spictures.
Theseobjectsare"
failed"
stars一whichmeanstheyarenotmassiveenoughtojumpstart9the
samekindofreactionsthatpowerstarssuchasthesun.Instead,browndwarfssimplyshrinkand
cooldown.They'
resodimthatthey'
realmostimpossibletoseewithvisiblelight,butinthe
infraredspectrumtheyglow.
词汇：
trashcan/'
træ
ʃ,kæ
n/n．垃圾箱
infrared/'
infrə'
red/adj．红外线
asteroid/'
æ
stərɔid/n.小行星
dwarf/dwɔ:
f/n.矮星
注释：
1.NASA（美国国家航空航天局）是缩写词，全称是NationalAeronauticsandSpace
Administration
2.thewildestobjects：
任何你能想象得到的天体。
wild有“未被人驯养的”“荒唐的”“离奇的”意思。
3.faintstars,blazinggalaxies：
指的是那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃烧而无法观察到的天体。
4.polarorbit：
极地轨道。
指轨道平面与赤道面夹角为90。
的人造地球卫星轨道。
人造卫星运行时能到达南北极区上空，即卫星能飞经全球范围的上空。
需要在全球范围内进行观测和应用的气象卫星、导航卫星、地球资源卫星等都采用这种轨道。
5.lap：
一圈。
原指竞赛场的一圈或游泳池的一个来回，如：
Sheovertooktheotherrunnersonthelastlap.她最后一圈超过了其他参赛者。
6.infraredradiation：
红外线辐射
7.spectrumoflight：
光谱，即，光辐射的波长分布区域。
8.Browndwarfs：
褐矮星。
褐矮星非常暗淡，很难发现它们，要确定它们的大小就更加困难。
9.jumpstart:
启动
练习：
1.WhatissospecialaboutWISE?
AItissmallinsizebutcarriesalargecamera.
BItisassmallasatrashcan.
CItsdigitalcameracanhelpastronomerstoseetheunknownspace.
DNeverbeforehasatelescopecarriedadigitalcamerainspace.
2.WhichisNOTthesynonymfortheword"
snap"
inthethirdparagraph?
Amake.
Bshoot.
Ctake
Dphotograph.
3.ThecameraonWISE
Aisnodifferentfromanordinarycamera.
Bdoesnotseeinfraredradiationwhiletheordinarycameradoes.
Ccatchestheinfraredradiationwhiletheordinarycameradoesnot.
Dreflectslightthathumaneyescansee.
4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTcorrectabout"
asteroids"
accordingtoparagraph7?
AAsteroidsfloatthroughspacegivingoffvisiblelight.
BAsteroidsdonotreflectlightthatreachesthem.
CItisdifficulttotakeasteroids'
picturesbyordinarycameras,
DTheWISEtelescopecantakepicturesofasteroids
5.Whatisimpliedinthelastparagraph?
ABrowndwarfsgiveoffvisiblelight.
BBrowndwarfsgiveoffinfraredradiation.
CBrowndwarfsarepowerstarslikethesun.
DBrowndwarfsareimpossibletoseewiththeWISEtelescope.
答案与题解：
1.C短文的第一和第二段提供了答案。
WISE的特殊之处就在于，虽然体积小，但它的数码相机能拍到任何天体，所以能够帮助天文学家观测到宇宙空间中（intheknownuniverse）的未知天文现象。
其他选项都不是短文表达的意思。
2.Asnap是个多义词，可以解释为“拍照”，更为确切的意思是“拍快照”。
这里shoot,take和photograph都是snap的同义词。
3.C短文第六段和第四段提供了答案。
人类的肉眼和普通相机看到的光是visiblelights，看不见红外线辐射（infraredradiation），而WISE的相机能够看到。
4.A短文第七段第二句说并非所有的宇宙中的物体都会发出可见光，比如asteroids，所以A是正确选项。
其他选项的内容都可以在该段中找到。
5.B最后一段的第一句说，褐矮星能出现在WISE照片中，根据上文对WISE望远镜的描述只有WISE望远镜才能拍到红外线射线，所以B是正确选择。
第四十六篇
AntsHaveBigImpactonEnvironmentas"
ResearchbytheUniversityofExeter1hasrevealedthatantshaveabigimpactontheirlocalenvironmentasaresultoftheiractivityas"
ecosystemengineers"
andpredators.Thestudy,publishedintheJournalofAnimalEcology,foundthatantshavetwodistincteffectsontheirlocalenvironment.
Firstly,throughmovingofsoilbynestbuilding2activityandbycollectingfoodtheyaffectthelevelofnutrientsinthesoil.Thiscanindirectlyimpactthelocalpopulationsofmanyanimalgroups,fromdecomposerstospeciesmuchhigherupthefoodchain.
Secondly,theypreyonawiderangeofotheranimals,includinglargerpreywhichcanbeattackedbyvastnumbersofantworkers.
DirkSanders,anauthorofthestudyfromtheuniversity'
sCentreforEcologyandConservation,said:
Antsareveryeffectivepredatorswhichthriveinhugenumbers.They'
realsoveryterritorial3andveryaggressive,defendingtheirresourcesandterritoryagainstotherpredators.Allofthismeanstheyhaveastronginfluenceontheirsurroundingarea."
"
Inthisresearch,westudiedforthefirsttimehowbigthisimpactisandthesubtletiesofit.Whatwefoundisthatdespitebeingpredators,theirpresencecanalsoleadtoanincreaseindensityanddiversityofotheranimalgroups4.Theygenuinelyplayakeyroleinthelocalenvironment,havingabiginfluenceonthegrasslandfoodweb,"
Sanderssaid.
Thestudy,carriedoutinGermany,studiedtheimpactofthepresenceofdifferentcombinationsanddensitiesofblackgardenantsandcommonredants,bothspecieswhichcanbefoundacrossEurope,includingintheUK.Itfoundthatalowdensityofantsinanareaincreasedthediversityanddensityofotheranimalsinthelocalarea,particularlythedensityofherbivoresanddecomposers.Athigherdensitiesantshadnoortheoppositeeffect,showingthatpredationiscounteractingthepositiveinfluence.
DrFrankvanVeen,anotherauthoronthestudy,said:
Whatwefindisthattheimpactofantsonsoilnutrientlevelshasapositiveeffectonanimalgroupsatlowlevels,butasthenumberofantsincreases,theirpredatoryimpactshavethebiggereffect—therebycounteractingthepositiveinfluenceviaecosystemengineering."
Antsareimportantcomponentsofecosystemsnotonlybecausetheyconstituteagreatpartoftheanimalbiomass5butalsobecausetheyactasecosystemengineers.Antbiodiversity6isincrediblyhighandtheseorganismsarehighlyresponsivetohumanimpact,whichobviouslyreducesitsrichness.However,itisnotclearhowsuchdisturbancedamagesthemaintenanceofantservicestotheecosystem．Antsareimportantinbelowgroundprocesses8throughthealterationofthephysicalandchemicalenvironmentandthroughtheireffectsonplants,microorganisms,andothersoilorganisms.
predator/'
predətə/n．食肉动物
nutrient/'
nju:
triənt/n．营养物；
adj．营养的
decomposer/,di:
kəm'
pəuzə/n．腐生物；
分解体
prey/prei/v．捕食；
n．被捕食的动物
subtlety/'
sʌtlti/n，微妙，精妙
herbivore/'
hʒ:
bivɔ:
/n．食草动物
1.theUniversityofExeter：
埃克斯特大学。
1851年建校，位于英国西南部重要商业中心埃克斯特市，是英国著名的传统大学之一。
2.nestbuilding：
筑巢
3.territorial：
领地的。
在此用来形容蚂蚁的本性，即具有很强的领地意识，并且会竭尽全力保卫自己的领地。
4.anincreaseindensityanddiversityofotheranimalgroups：
其他动物群体在数量和品种上的增长。
5.biomass：
物质名词，由bio和mass两部分组成，意为“生物量”“生物质”。
6.biodiversity：
物质名词，由bio和diversity两部分组成，意为“生物多样性”。
7.themaintenanceofantservicestotheecosystem：
蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用。
8.belowgroundprocesses：
土壤下面的（工作）过程，即影响生态环境的过程。
1.Whyareantscomparedtoecosystemengineers?
ABecausetheybuildtheirownnests.
BBecausetheycollectfood.
CBecausetheiractivityaffectstheenvironment.
DBecausetheyarepredators.
2.Aspredators,ants
Apreyonsmallaswellaslargeanimals.
Bcollectnutritiousfoodfromthesoil
Ccollectfoodasdecomposers.
Dpreyonspeciesmuchhigherupthefoodchain.
3.DirSanders'
studycenteredonhowants
Acanmanagetothriveinhugenumbers.
Bdefendtheirresourcesandterritoryagainstotherpredators.
Cattackthoseinvadinganimalsforsurvival.
Dproducesuchabigimpactontheenvironment.
4.Whatdoesparagraph6tellus?
AAntsbringaboutanegativeinfluencetoanareawhentheirpopulationissmall.
BAntsbringaboutapositiveinfluencetoanareawhentheirpopulationissmall.
CAnts'
predationcounteractsthepositiveinfluencetheymayhaveonanarea.
DAthigherdensity,antsproduceapositivei
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