史禺老师托福强化班写作讲义框架总结文档格式.docx
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审题注意：
1.价值判断还是现象证明
包含shouldimportantnecessarybetterprefer的题目是价值判断其核心为利弊分析
不包含上述词的题目是现象证明，核心是拆分举例，结合解释原因。
2.是否包含抽象或宽泛话题，如果包含，一定要拆分举例
3.是否包含抽象或宽泛话题，如果包含，一定要拆分举例
4.是否包含绝对词，对于这类题目的反驳（承认合理性，反驳绝对词）较容易。
5.是否包含因果或条件关系
包含因果关系：
证明：
证明原因；
证明因果关系。
---增加中间因果链“架桥”
反驳：
反驳原因；
承认原因，反驳因果关系。
---原因不是结果成立的充分条件。
包含条件关系（视为因果关系的简单版本）
●2.2展开充分welldeveloped
对thesis的well-developed：
subpoints（一般为3个）；
对每个sub-point内部的well-developed
用分词简洁表达因果关系
●2.3清晰clear正确correct简洁concise有变化varied
清晰—不迷恋低频词；
不迷恋长句（topicsentence一般10~15words；
大多数supportingsentences20~30w）
正确---练习typing
简洁---增加有效信息
变化---词句的变化，最重要的是content的变化，不断具体化
Section2Structureofanessay
开头introduction（30w）
主体body（300w）
结尾conclusion（15w）
1.开头introduction
背景generalbackground（一般情况下必选，除非特殊性写不出背景）
要求：
简洁，过渡自然
改写题目（必选）Paraphrasetopic
改写的方法：
同义词替换；
改变名词位置；
具体代替抽象
引用quotation（可选）
1.名人famouspeople
2.平常人ordinarypeople
观点（必选）thesis
四种thesis：
绝对的（Iagree/disagree）;
让步的（despite/although/though）;
有例外的（basically）;
分情况的（case-by-case）
2.主体body
Subpoint（bodyparagraph）—3个字数大于80w
每个subpoint有且仅有一个TopicTS要前置，要简短，要涵盖所有supportingsentences
Subpoint之间的关系：
互斥ME（mutuallyExclusive）意味着不包含和不重叠，不可互为因果，特别是在抽象题目中，解决办法是—拆分。
3.结尾conclusion
重申thesis
Section3Thesis
①绝对的常用表达：
（totally,completely）agree/disagree–在所有情况下agree/disagree，不承认例外；
只使用有利内容
②让步的常用表达：
agree/disagreedespite/although/though—“大正小负”，“大负小正”，不仅使用有利内容而且使用不利内容但加以反驳
③有例外的常用表达：
basicallyagree/disagree---大多数情况下agree/disagree承认存在例外，“折中”
④分情况讨论的常用表达：
case-by-case---不同case中agree/disagree无法确定多数情况和例外，“骑墙”
●如何对“让步”进行反驳---转化；
解决措施；
次要方面
转化法：
admittedly+让步内容However（转折）,ifviewedfromadifferentperspective,italsomeans+有利因素
解决措施：
admittedly+让步内容However（转折）,aslongas+解决措施，theproblemwillbesolved/thereisnoneedtoworryabout
次要方面：
admittedly+让步内容However（转折）onbalance+让步seemstobesecondary/minor
Section4Brainstormsubpoints
利弊分析
1.Cost---Cheap（Economicalcost-effective）/lesscosts/reducecosts
---Expensive（Costlyexorbitant）/morecosts/imposeafinancialburden
2.Income
3.Safety
4.Convenience
5.Physicalexercise
6.Stress
7.Information
8.Academicperformance
9.Socialskills
10.Learnvaluesandbuildcharacter
11.Personalrelationship
12.Environment---eco-friendly
---negativeimpacts
拆分举例
Principle
Mutuallyexclusive
Collectivelyexhaustive
Object---noun
People
Careers:
students/businessmen/politicians/sportsmen/scientists/actors/writers
Ages:
children/teenagers;
adults;
oldpeople
Disadvantagedpeople:
blackpeople;
women
Life---traffic;
communication;
information;
education;
entertainment;
shopping;
environment
relationship
Family—parentsandchildren;
husbandsandwives
Friends
Colleagues
Employeesandemployers
Usefulexpressions
Let’sconsider__
Thesamelogicappliesto___
Thisissamecasewith___
Exceptiondoexistwhenitcomesto___,itisadifferentstory.
Section5Developsubpoints
1.解释
两种：
TS和cla.
Topicsentence—explanation---example
Classification（拆分）---examples---conclusion
2.重复
3.例证
如何举例证明：
具体化（多点、多层的）
一般性例证（generalexample）
个人经历（personalexperiences）
名人例证（famouspeople）
TOEFL写作常用名人例证
Persistent
FranklinDRooseveltcontractedPolioattheageof39.Hefoughtthediseasewithtremendouscourageandpersistence.（富兰克林·
罗斯福小儿麻痹）
Beethovennearlylosthishearinginhislaterlife.Despitehisdeterioratingconditions,heremainedoptimisticandcomposedseveralmasterpieces,includingthefamousSymphonyNO.9,completedthreeyearsbeforehisdeath.（贝多芬）
In1996，LanceArmstrongwasdiagnosedwithadvancedtesticularcancer,whichhadspreadtohislungsandbrains.Doctorssaidhehadnomorethana50%chanceofsurvival.Hehadonetesticleremovedandunderwentchemotherapy.Oneyearlater,hereturnedtocyclingtowinsevenTourdeFrancechampionships.兰斯·
阿姆斯特朗美国职业自行车赛选手
Hardwork
Balzacworked15hoursadayforadecade.Theresultwasacollectionofmorethan90novelscollectivelytitledTheHumanComedy.（巴尔扎克）
MarieCurieandherhusbandobtainedagramofRadiumfrom8tonsofpitchblendein7years.
Luck
Roentgenaccidentallydiscoveredamysteriousradiationwhichcanexposefilmskeptinadarklaboratory.Thediscoverywastheworld-famousX-rays,whichwonhimthefirstNobelPrizeinphysics.（伦琴）
Archimedes,greatGreekmathematiciansandengineer,discoveredtheFloatingBodyPrinciplewhengettingintoabathtubfullofwater.（阿基米德）
AlexanderFleming,Scottishbiologist,accidentallydiscoveredthataculturewascontaminatedbyafungus,whichdestroyedallsurroundingbacterium.Thediscoverywasthelegendarypenicillin.（弗莱明—青霉素）
Creativeness
Attheturnofthe20thcentury,Americanautomobileproducersbelievedthatcarsshouldbealuxuryonlyfortherich.Defyingtheconventionalwisdom.HenryFordproducedModel-T,thefirstaffordablemass-producedcar.Over15millionModelTshadbeensold.
SteveJobs,attheageof21,assembledthefirstApplecomputerinhisparents’garage.Later,hedesignedMac,thefirstcommerciallysuccessfulpersonalcomputerwithamouseandagraphicinterface.AfterreturningtoApple,hedesignedandmarketedwildlysuccessfulproducts,e.g.i-Podandi-Mac,whichsavedtheApplefrombankruptcy.
LarryPageandSergeyBrininventedthePageRanktechnology,whichdeterminesawebsite’srankingbythenumbersofwebsiteslinkingtoitandtheirimportance.Thismethodwasaconsiderableimprovementonthepreviousone,whichdeterminesawebsite’simportancesimplybycountinghowmanytimesthesearchrequestappearsonit..（拉里·
佩奇谢尔盖·
布林谷歌创始人）
Emulation
BillGatesisfamousforhisabilityofimprovingonexistingideasandmakingthemostofthem.MS-DOSwasanimprovementonDOS,aproductoftheSeattleComputers.WindowsborrowedagreatdealfromtheMac.AndtheInternetExplorerwasthecopyoftheNetscape.
Baidu,themostinfluentialsearchengineinChina,copiedGoogle’ssearchingtechnologyanditsbusinessmodel.ButduetoitsChina-focusedmarketingstrategy,ithassurpassedintheChinesemainlandmarket.
Teamwork
MichaelJordanhadnotwonasinglechampionshipinhisfirst6yearsinNBA.AftertheBullsrecruitedsomeofthebestplayers,e.g.PippenandRodman,andadoptedthefamousTriangleOffense,whichputsemphasisoncooperation,theybecamethemostformidableteamoftheleague.Theywon6NBAchampionshipsin8years.
ApolloProgramrankedamongthegreatesthumanachievementsinscienceinthe20thcentury.In1969,theprogramlandedNeilArmstrongonthesurfaceoftheMoon.Theprogramwasanationaljointeffortonatremendousscale.About300universities,20000companiesand300000individualscontributedtothisprogram.
Individualism
InthelastgameoftheNBAfinalsinthe1997-1998season,MichaelJordanscoredthelastbasket,ajumpshotwith5.2secondsleft.ThatshotgavetheBullsan87-86victoryovertheUtahJazzandtheirsixthNBAchampionship.
Hannibal,thegreatgeneralofCarthage,ledhistroopsandseveralAfricanwarelephantsacrosstheicyAlps.Themarchhassincebecomeoneofthegreatestmilitaryfeatsofalltime.（汉尼拔北非古国迦太基Carthage著名军事家）
AfterbeingdefeatedbytheAlliedtroopsandexiledtoaremoteisland,Napoleonescaped.Whenaregimentwassenttointercepthim,Napoleonapproachedthetroopsalone,dismountedthehorse,anddeclared,“HereIam,Killyouremperor,ifyouwill.”Thetroopssurrendered.（拿破仑）
Risk/Danger
BenjaminFranklinputforwardatheorythatlightningiselectricity.Inordertotesthie\stheory,hemadeakiteandflewitduringathunderstorm.（本杰明·
富兰克林）
AlfredNobel,Swedishchemistandphilanthropist,inordertodiscoverasafeexplosive,carriedoutnumerousdangerousexperiments.Inoneinstance,amajorexplosionhappened,killingfivepeople,includinghisyoungerbrother.
BillGates,inhisjunioryear,againstthestrongoppositionofhisparents,droppedoutofHarvardCollegetodevoteallhisenergyandtimetoMicrosoft,whichhadbeenfoundedonlyayearago.
Concentration
HenryFordspecializedincar-making.
Rockefellermademostofhisfortuneinoil.
BillGatesinvestedmuchofhisenergyandtimeinMicrosoft.
TheCuriesobtainedonegramofradiumfrom8tonsofpitchblendein7years.
Takeonnewchallenges
LeonardodaVinci,iswidelyconsideredoneofthegreatestpaintersofalltimeandperhapsthemostversatilemanwhoeverlived.daVincimadestunningachievementsinvastlydiversefields:
painting,sculpture,music,science,math,engineeringandanatomy（解剖学）.
Schwarzenegger,anAustrianvillageboywhomigratedtotheUSandbarelyspokeEnglish,islivingproofoftheAmericanDream:
hestartedasabodybuilder,becameaninternationalmoviestar,andsuccessfullywontheelectionforthegovernorofCalifornia.（Schwarzenegger=GovernorArnold阿诺德施瓦辛格）
Money
Richpeoplewhoaresuccessful
SteveJobs,WarrenBuffet,ThomasEdison,AlfredNobel,TigerWoods,YaoMing---Thesearegreatpeople,byhardwork,courageandcreativeness,createdgreatfortuneandmadetheworldabetterplacetolive.Theyaresuccessfulpeople.
Poorpeoplewhoaresuccessful
VincentvanGogh,oneofthemostinfluentialpaintersandpioneerofExpr
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