走出迷茫寻回丢失的信念富兰克林给毕业者的13条忠告Word文件下载.docx

走出迷茫寻回丢失的信念富兰克林给毕业者的13条忠告Word文件下载.docx

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摘要iii

ChapterOneIntroduction1

1.1AnIntroductiontotheTheme1

1.2ThePurposeoftheResearch1

ChapterTwoBriefAnalysis2

2.1EmpiricismandRationalism2

2.2BriefAnalysisoftheMainCharacters3

ChapterThreeTheStandardof“Usefulness”and13Virtues4

3.1TheStandardof“Usefulness”4

3.1.1TheStandardof"

Usefulness"

asanUnusualPositionandRole4

3.1.2CriticismsofLatinGrammarSchoolwith“Usefulness”asaStandard4

3.1.3“Usefulness”andUtilitarianism5

3.2The13Virtues6

3.2.1TheAnalysisofthe13Virtues6

ChapterFourPragmatism7

4.1Definitionof“Pragmatism”7

4.2PragmatisminAutobiography8

ChapterFiveBackground10

5.1TheReligiousBackground---Puritanism10

5.2TheHistoricalBackground10

5.3ThePersonalStruggle11

5.4TheSocialBackground12

Conclusion13

Reference15

Acknowledgements

Iwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetomysupervisor,whoseexpertise,understanding,andpatience,addedconsiderablytomygraduateexperience.Iappreciatehervastknowledgeandskillsinmanyareasandherassistanceinwritingthisthesis.Withoutherprudentproofreading,expertcommentsandaboveallgenerousunderstanding,Iwouldnothavebeenabletoaccomplishthisthesis.Ithasbeenaprivilegeandgreatjoytostudyunderhersupervisionduringtheone-yearthesiswriting.

MyspecialgratitudealsogoestoassociateProfessorY,whoseacademicwritingcoursehasbestowedmewithafoundationonacademicwritingandenlightenedmewiththerightwayofmakingresearch,andassociateProfessorX,whosecomprehensiveEnglishcoursehasexpandedmyhorizonandgivenmegreatinspirationsinwritingthisthesis.

Iwouldalsoliketothankallofmyotherteachers,allofmyclassmatesfortheircareandhelpduringthepastthreeyearsofmygraduatestudy.

Imustalsoacknowledgemyfamilyforthesupporttheyprovidedmethroughmyuniversitylife,andwithouttheirloveandencouragement,Iwouldnothavefinishedthisthesis.

Abstract

BenjaminFranklinisawell-knownthinker,astatesman,adiplomat,ascientist,andanindustrialist,whogoesdowninhistorynotonlyasthefounderoftheUnitedStates,butalsoasamanofglorioushumanity.Autobiographyisafantasticbookwhichinspiredgenerationsaftergenerationsofpeople.Itcontainsthepenetratingjudgmentsofthestruggleandsuccessesoflifeandthetruetheoryofmoralsofgoodandbeauty,whichchangedthefateofcountlesspeople.InAutobiography,usefulnessisthecriteriaofmeasurementforeverything,promotingindividualeffortsguidedbyutilitarianthoughts.FranklinexpressedhisplainviewsontheethicsinthenewworldinAutobiography.Hebelievedvirtuesarethekeytoachieveindividuality,aswellassocialhappiness.ThethirteenvirtuesderivedfromPuritanteachingsintheAutobiographyarerespectively:

temperance,silence,order,resolution,frugality,industry,sincerity,justice,moderation,cleanliness,chastity,andhumility.Notonlydidhepromotethesevirtuestoothers,persuadingthemtokeepfrombadhabits,improvetheirqualityoflife,andachieveself-improvement,buthealsopracticedthemhimself.Hemadehimselfaplanwithathirteen-weekcirculationtoperfecthisownvirtues.Suchstandardsof“usefulness”andegocentricprogressoflifereflectthoughtsofpragmatism.Franklin’spragmaticspiritcontainsakindofsecularwisdomandsharesprofoundculturalandhistoricalelements.Originatedfromhisreligiousbeliefandtherequestofreallife,itthendevelopedwiththesupportoftherising-upbourgeoisie.ItsoonbecameoneofthemajortrendsofthoughtinAmericaandcreatedaprerequisiteforthebirthofuniqueAmericanpragmatism.Nowadays,itextendsafar-reachinginfluencetoAmericanliterature.

【Keywords】：

Franklin,autobiography,pragmatism,usefulness,virtues

摘要

本杰明·

富兰克林是美国著名的思想家、政治家、外交家和科学家、实业家。

他不仅是美利坚合众国的缔造者之一，更因其光辉的人性而名垂史册。

《富兰克林自传》是一部启发了一代又一代的励志奇书。

它包含了人生奋斗与成功的真知灼见，以及善与美的道德真谛，被认为改变了无数人的命运。

在《富兰克林自传》中，实用性是衡量一切的标准，富兰克林提倡以功利思想为指导的个人努力。

富兰克林对于新世界的道德操守有着自己朴素的看法，在他看来美德是实现个人与社会幸福的关键所在。

他在书中介绍了从清教的教诲中引出的13点美德，即节制、安静、秩序、决心、节俭、勤奋、诚实、正直、中庸、整洁、贞静、谦恭。

他不仅劝导别人遵循这些美德，远离陋习，提高生活品位，实现自我完善，并且为自己制定了一个以13周为周期的计划进行逐个操练，以完善自己的道德修养。

这种以“有用”为标准和以个人为中心的奋斗过程反映了实用主义的精神。

富兰克林的实用精神包含着一种世俗的智慧，并有着深厚历史文化背景。

他的这种精神因现实的要求、宗教的影响而产生,又因资本主义上升时期的资产阶级的支持而得以发展,因此成为主导美国的思想潮流之一，为美国实用主义的产生的创造了条件，对后世的美国文学产生了深远的影响。

【关键词】：

富兰克林，自传，实用主义，有用性，美德

ChapterOne:

Introduction

1.1AnIntroductiontotheTheme

HenryCommager,anAmericanscholar,onceclaimedthatAmericanshatedtheoryandabstractthoughts.Theyrejectedthoseprofoundpoliticalandpracticalphilosophiesashealthymenrejectedmedicines.Asforphilosophers,theypreferredBenjaminFranklinmorethanJonathanEdwards.Ononehand,Americansrejectedutilitarianisminreligiousterms;

ontheotherhand,theywere100%utilitarian.Tobemorespecific,theironlyphilosophyistheirbeliefthatusefulnessistruth.IftheywerenotliketheGermanandBritishphilosopherswhoexploredthoseareasofesotericphilosophy,itisbecauseAmericansthinkthatthereisnoneedforthoseareastobeexplored,rathertheirinabilitytoengageinthatkindofresearch.Theyinstinctivelybelievethatonlyunfortunateandfoolishpeoplerecoursetothatkindofphilosophy,buttheyarenotthatkindofpeople.（Commager8）WhatCommagersaidisbiasedtosomedegree,butitshouldindicatetosomedegreetheAmericanphilosophyof“practicalnamelytruth”,whichisvividlydemonstratedbyFranklin.Franklin'

sAutobiographypromotesapractical,utilitarianphilosophy.Despitethefactthatthephilosophicalschoolofpragmatismwasformedinthelate19thcentury,theindividualstruggleandpursuitinFranklin’sAutobiographyisundertheguidanceofutilitarianthinking,whichexpressedakindofpragmatismacenturyago.

1.2ThePurposeoftheResearch

InthehistoryofAmericanculture,thepublicationofAutobiographyisalandmark.Franklinstartedwritingin1771,andcompleteditin1788.AutobiographycreatedafinetraditionofAmericanbiography.Sincethen,autobiographyhasbecomeanewliterarygenre.BenjaminFranklinisoneofthepioneersoftheEnlightenment,aswellasascientist,entrepreneurandleaderoftheRevolutionaryWarinAmerica.Franklin’swritingsaresimple,gentle,moderate,andthewordsareexact,vivid,andsophisticated.Hetakestimetodiscusshissuccessesandfailuresjustlikechattingwithothers,whichhasastrongartisticappeal.

ThispaperisintendedtoexploretheAutobiographyfromapragmaticpointofview.InAutobiography,usefulnessisthecriteriaofmeasurementforeverything,promotingindividualeffortsguidedbyutilitarianthoughts.Hewrotehisautobiographytotellothershowtogofrompoortorich.Suchstandardsof“usefulness”andegocentricprogressoflifereflectthoughtsofpragmatism.Franklin’spragmaticspiritsharesprofoundculturalandhistoricalelements.ItsoonbecameoneofthemajortrendsofthoughtinAmerica,andcreatedaprerequisiteforthebirthofuniqueAmericanpragmatism.

Chapter

:

BriefAnalysis

2.1EmpiricismandRationalism

Asweallknow,peoplefeelconfidentinachievingtruthandknowledgeinthemodernsociety.However,theviewsonthewaystoobtainthemvaryfrompersontoperson,suchasempiricismandrationalism.Theempiricismemphasizestheobservations,experiments,experientialinduction,andtheimportanceoftheself-perceptualknowledgeandtheempiricaloriginsofunderstanding.ThemainpersonsstandingforempiricismareBacon,LockeandHume.Allofthemstronglyarguethatideasandknowledgecomefromexperienceandtheysticktothisprinciple.Whenitcomestorationalism,itisanabsolutelydifferentstory.Itassumesgeneraluseofandparticularimportanceinmathematicalmethodsandproposesrationaldeductionmethods,puttingmoreemphasisonthereliabilityandtheoriginofrationalknowledge.Descartes,SpinozaandLeibnizarethemaindefendersofrationalism.Theyallinsistontheprinciplethatrationalityistheonlyoriginoftheuniversaltruthandknowledge,whichisjustoppositeofempiricism.Franklin,whoisafaithfulfollowerofBacon,LockeandHume,firmlyarguesforempiricismwiththeguidanceinthepracticeoftheirownactions.Asitwere,FranklinbecamethepropagandistandrolemodelforthoughtsfromBacon,NewtonandLocke.HeextractedtheEnlightenmentthoughtthatseemsmostsuitedtotheworldhelived.JustasCharlesBurgesssaid,FranklinisaclassicalBaconianscientistofAmerica.Hisexperimentsinelectricityandamazingtalentsoncreativeworkmakehimatypicalexampleofanoldsaying,“knowledgeispower”.Hiseffortsonthenew-stylestove,bifocalspectacleandlightingrodmakehimautilitarianandphilanthropicBaconinAmerica.EvenDanielBellsaid,"

IfJonathanEdwardsisapuritanwhohasastrongAestheticconsciousnessandintuition,BenjaminFranklinisapracticalandutilitarianprotestant”.

2.2BriefAnalysisoftheMainCharacter

BenjaminFranklinisanoutstandingfigureintheearlyhistoryofU.S.Hemadegreatachievementsnotonlyinliterarybutalsoinpoliticalandscientificfields.Behindallthesegreatachievementswasastrongutilitarianspirit.Thisspiritcouldbeinterpretedasfightingforpersonalwell-beingandstrivingforasuccessfulcareerthroughhardwork.Somevirtuesandmoralrulesarestillneededtobeobservedintheprocess,butthatisbecausethesevirtuesandmoralrulesarethetoolswhichhelppeopleachievetheirgoalsduringtheirseekingforasuccessfullife.Inhisopinion,therearenobetterthingsthanvirtues