Wwrtlf托福独立写作jspWord下载.docx
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四、中国学生的问题
(1)没有一个规范的结构
(2)遗漏了题目中的问题,或对问题没有认真的分析(跑题)
(3)没有进行深层次的解释(无话可写)
(4)不会用英文表达(语言和结构错误)
(5)没做好段落内和段落间的衔接
附:
常见衔接词
1.增补(Addition)
inaddition,furthermore,again,also,besides,moreover,what`smore,similarly,next,finally.
2.比较(Comparison)
inthesameway,likewise,similarly,equally,incomparison,justas
3.对照(Contrast)
whereas,incontrast,ontheotherhand,instead,however,nevertheless,unlike,eventhough,onthecontrary,while
4.因果(Causeandeffect)
because,becauseof,for,since,dueto,owingto,thanksto,asaresult(of),accordingly,hence,so,thus
5.强调(Emphasis)
certainly,aboveall,indeed,ofcourse,surely,actually,asamatteroffact,chiefly,especially,primarily,inparticular,undoubtedly,absolutely,mostimportant
6.让步(Concession)
although,though,afterall,inspiteof,nevertheless,still,provided,whileitistrue....
7.例证(Exemplification)
forexample,forinstance,thatis,namely,suchas,inotherwords,inthiscase,bywayofillustration.
8.总结(Conclusion)
tosumup,toconclude,inaword,inshort,inbrief,allinall,inall,toputitinanutshell,insummary
9.推断(Inference)
therefore,asaresult(of),consequently,accordingly,so,otherwise
10.时间和空间(Timeandspace)
afterward,after,first,later,then,soon,outside,near,beyound,above,below,ontheright(left),inthemiddle,opposite,infrontof
启
Aproverbsays......Atpresent.......
Astheproverbsays....Currently.....
Generallyspeaking,....Now,....
Ingeneral,.....OntheWhole....
Itisclearthat....Recently.....
Itisoftensaidthat....Withoutdoubt,.......
承
First(ofall),......Moreover,.........
Firstly,............Noonecandenythat....
Inthefirstplace,.........Obviously.....
Tobeginwith,.........Ofcourse,.........
Also,.......Similarly,.........
Atthesametime......Therefore,weshouldrealizethat.....
Certainly......Thereisnodoubtthat.......
Inaddition,.....What`smore,..........
Infact........Itcanbeeasilyprovedthat...
Meanwhile......
转
But...Still,......
Buttheproblemisnotsosimple...
Thereisacertainamountoftruthinthis,butwestillhaveaproblemwithregardto.......
However,.......Tooursurprise,..........
Nevertheless,........Unfortunately.......
Ontheotherhand,.......
YetdifferencewillbefoundandthatiswhyIfeelthat........
Othersmayfindthistobetrue,butIdonot.Ithink.....
合
Aboveall,Inbrief,........
Accordingly,.....Inconclusion,........
Allinall,.......
Inotherwords,itishardtoescapetheconclusionthat........
Asaconsequence,.........Inshort,.........
AsIhaveshown/said/stated/....Insum,........
Insummary,.......Ashasbeennoted,....
Obviously,.........Bysodoing,.....
Onthewhole,.....Consequently,........
Presumably,.......Eventually,.........
Toconclude,......Finally,........
Tosumup,.....Inaword,......
Tosummarize,........
五、语言的基础(怎么写句子)
写作的句子
一、英文中句子的概念及类别
A、简单句(带with引导的伴随状语)
With后面接复合宾语的结构,在句子中做状语
(1)with+名词+形容词或副词
Heusedtosleepwithallwindowsopen
Don’ttalkwithyourmouthfull
WithCarmenaway,we’vegotmoreroom.
(2)with+名词+介词短语
Withmake—uponherface,shelooksasifshewereaprincess
(3)with+名词+分词
Sheranintotheroomwithherfacecoveredwithtears.
Shewaswearinganeveningdress,withherhandsrestingonherhips.
B、并列句
C、从句
D、复合句
二、从句
A、主语从句(It引导的主语从句)
(1)itis+adj+that
itisimpossiblethatitisevidentthatitisnecessarythatitisnaturalthat
itisgoodthatitistruethatitislikelythatitisdoubtfulthatitissatisfactorythat
itisessentialthat(……是必不可少的)itisconceivablethat(……..是可以想象的)itisnotablethatitiscertainthatitisreasonablethatitisinappropriatethat
(2)it+不及物动词+that
itseemsthatitsoundsthatithappensthat(恰好)itturnsoutthat(结果是)itfollowsthat(由此可见)
itmaybethatitstandstoreasonthat……是有道理的
(3)itis+名词+that
itisafactthatitisnowonderthat(……难怪)itisagoodthingthatitisapitythat
itisnousethatitisnoharm/goodthatitisacommonknowledgethat(众所周知)
(4)itis+动词的过去分词+that
itissaidthatitisknownthatitisthoughtthatitisbelievedthatitisacceptedthat
itisfoundthatitisreportedthatitisunderstoodthat(不用说)itispointedoutthat
itisproposedthatitisdeclaredthatitisestimatedthatitisclaimedthatitisstressedthat
itisexpectedthatitispredictedthatitishopedthatithasbeenillustratedthatithasbeenobjectedthatitcanbeseenthatitmustbeadmittedthatitcannotbedeniedthat
B、宾语从句
C、定语从句(关系词)
D、状语从句(状语从句的连词)
(1)时间everytimehardly……when……
nosooner…….than……themoment
(2)原因sinceasfor
(3)条件ifso(as)longasunless
(4)比较asif
(5)目的sothatinorderthatlestwemustbehurrylestweshouldmissthebus
(6)结果
(7)让步thoughalthoughevenifdespiteinspiteofasnowthatwhatevernomatterhow
Asfaras
E、同位语从句
三、倒装句
Notintheleastisheinterestedindance.
NotforaninstantdidIbelievehehadlied.
Innosenseisheagentleman
Onnoaccountmustyouleavemealone
Innocasebynomeansonnocondition
四、强调句
Itis…….that……
Itisnotuntil
非谓语结构
动名词
现在分词
过去分词
不定式
六、如何写作
1、写开头
开头包括(写作意图、背景简介、观点的总概),开头不要太长,总的来说开头要“开门见山),不要太多细节,不要重复题目
1、question+answer+position
why,youmaywonder,shouldspidersbeourfriends?
Because…….
Whydosetheideaofprogressloomsolargeinthemodernworld?
Surelybecauseprogressofaparticularkindisactuallytakingplacearoundusandisbecomingmoreandmoremanifest.
2、statingconflictviews+position
IamalwaysamazedwhenIhearpeoplesayingthatsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenations,andthatifonlythecommonpeoplesoftheworldcouldmeetoneanotheratfootballorcricket,theywouldhavenoinclinationtomeetonthebattlefield.Evenifonedidn’tknowfromtheconcreteexamplesthatinternationalsportingcontestsleadtoorgiesofhatred,onecoulddeduceitfromgeneralprinciples.
Walkingforwalking’ssakemaybeashighlylaudableandexemplaryathingasitisheldtobebythosewhopracticeit.Myobjectiontoitisthatitstopsthebrain.
3、Backgrounddescription+position(最常用型)
Whenitcomesto...,somethink...
Thereisapublicdebatetodaythat...
Aisacommonwayof...,butisitawiseone?
Recentlytheproblemhasbeenbroughtintofocusthat……..
Asthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyaccelerates……….
Theever—changingsocietycreatesopportunitiesforyoungflierstochangetheirjobsconstantly.
Sportsenrichstudents’campuslifeandenergizetheirphysiques.Facedwithimmensepressurefromworkandstudy,moreandmorepeoplebegintorealizetheimportanceofphysicaltraining.However,………..
4、Quotation+position
Wherethereisawillthereistheway.
5Roadmap:
hints(常用于why型)
Twofactorsweighheavilyagainsttheeffectivenessofscientificresearchinindustry.Oneisthegeneralatmosphereofsecrecyinwhichitiscarriedout,theotherthelackoffreedomoftheindividualresearchworker
开头的模版
AorB
SomepeopleholdtheopinionthatAissuperiortoBinmanyways.Others,however,contradictA.personally,Iwouldprefer()becauseIthink()hasmoreadvantages.
Asstudents,wealwaysfacethecircumstances:
AorB.Thereareadvantagesanddisadvantagesonbothsides.Accordingtomypersonalityandfondness,Iwouldprefer()ratherthan().
COMPARE&
CONTRAST
Somepeoplebelievethat().otherpeopletaketheviewthat().Whilebothmethodsmayhavetheirmeritsanddemerits,theycanbeappliedunderdifferentcircumstances.Afterwards,Iwillexplainmyopinion.
IcompletelydisagreewiththisstatementthatchoosingAhasmoreadvantagesthanchoosingB.andIwouldliketopresenttwoexplanationstoconfirmyouthatIamright.
AGREEorDISAGREE
Thisproblemismuchdebatedoneinthatitaffectseverybodyintheirdailylives.Peoplemaypreferonetoanother,althoughsomehavenoopinionaboutit.ButifIamconcerned,Icanonlydisagreewiththetitlestatementandthereasonsaregivenbelow.
Idostronglysupporttheideathat().Isupportwiththefollowingreasons.
CHOICE&
EXPLANATION
Howtodo()?
WhetherthetraditionalmethodssuchasA,BandsoonorthemodernmethodslikeCandD.whichyoupreferdependsonyourownexperience,lifestyleandemotionalconcern.Iprefer()mostinmypointofview.TherearethreeadvantagesofCasfollows.
2、写主体段(一般三个段落)
段落的构成:
主题句(topicsentence)和支持句(supportingsentences),其中支持句的的来源可以是:
事例、假设、解释、名人名言、谚语、数据。
事例是最好的选择。
Examples:
Nuclearpowerisfartoodangerous.Therefore,countiesshouldbanitsuseandconcentrate,instead,ondevelopingalternativesourcesofenergysuchashydroelectricpower,windpowerandsolarenergy.Whataboutyouropinion?
A
Topicsentence:
Oneofthemainbenefitsofnuclearpoweristhatitdoesn’tusenaturalresourcessuchascoa