杭州师范大学718综合英语考研真题考研试题硕士研究生入学考试试题Word文件下载.docx
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I.Cloze(每小题1分,共30分)
Directions:
Fillintheblankswithproperwords(thefirstletterisgiven).
Everydayweexperienceoneofthewondersoftheworldaroundus,withoutevenrealizingit.Itisnottheamazingcomplexityoftelevision,northeimpressivetechnologyofautomatedtransport.Theyareindeed
(1)w________whichweoftentakefor
(2)g________.No.Theuniversalwonderweshareandexperienceisour(3)a________tomakenoiseswithourmouths,andso(4)t__________ideasandthoughtstoeachother’sminds.Inotherwords,thatwonderisourabilitytofashion(5)l________.Thisabilitycomessonaturallyweareapttoforgetwhatamiracle(6)i________is.
Obviously,theabilityto(7)t________issomethingthatmarkshumansofffrom(8)a________.Ofcourse,someanimalshavepowersjustasamazing.Batshomeinonflyinginsectsthataretheirfoodby(9)m________ofasophisticatedsoundsystem.Birdscan(10)n________thousandsofmilesbyobservingpositionsofthestarsinthe(11)s________inrelationtothetimeofdayandyear.InNature’stalentshow,humansareaspeciesofanimalsthathave(12)d________theirownspecialact.Ifwereduceittobasicterms,itisaknackforcommunicating(13)i________toothers,byvarying(14)s________wemakeaswebreatheout.
Notthatwedonothaveotherpowersofcommunication.Outfacial(15)e________conveyouremotions,suchasanger,orjoy,ordisappointment.Thewayweholdourheadscan(16)i________toothers(17)w________wearehappyordowncast.Thisisso-called“(18)b________language”,andtosome(19)e________wearenodifferentfromotheranimalsinthis(20)r________.Bristlingfurisanunmistakablewarningofaggressionamongmany(21)c________.Similarly,thebowedheadordroopingtailshowsareadinessto(22)t________secondplaceinanyanimalgathering.
Suchameansof(23)c________isabasicmechanismthatanimals,includinghumanbeings,(24)i________acquireanddisplay.Istheabilitytospeakjustanothersortofinstinct?
Ifso,howdidhumanbeings(25)a________thisamazingskill?
Biologistscanreadilyindicatethatparticularareaofour(26)b________wherespeechmechanisms(27)f________,butthisdoesn’ttellushowthat(28)p________ofourbodiesoriginatedinourbiologicalhistory.Itis(29)t________tothinkthatforourhumanancestorsacquiringthepowerofspeechwasalla(30)m________ofcompetition.
II.ReadingComprehension(每小题2分,共60分)
Thereare6passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C),andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandwritethecorrespondingletterontheanswersheet.
Questions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
OneofthefirstmentomakeacommercialsuccessoffoodconservationwasHenryJohnHeinz.In1869hefoundedacompanyinPittsburgh,USA.LikeotherAmericansofhisgeneration,Heinzmadehisnameahouseholdwordthroughoutthewesternworld.Atlast,manseemstohavediscoveredhowtopreservefoodwithoutconsiderablyalteringitstaste.Thetinsoffood(Heinztins!
)whichCaptainScottabandonedintheAntarcticwereopened47yearsafterhisdeath,andthecontentswerenotonlyedible,butpleasant.
Themainargumentagainstconservedfoodsisnotthatthecanningoffoodmakesittastedifferent;
rather,peoplecomplainthattherecipeswhichthecanningchefsdreamuparetediousortasteless.Butanyrecipeistediousortastelessifitiseateningreatquantities.AndacompanylikeHeinzcanonlyproducesomethingifitisgoingtobeeateningreatquantities.Thetomatoisverypleasanttoeatwhenitisfreshlypicked.Aregulardietoftomatoesalonecouldwellprovetedious.Thecanningcompaniestrytocookthetomatoinasmanywaysaspossible.TheHeinzfactoriesinBritainusemillionsandmillionsoftomatoeseveryyear.
Therearemanypeoplewhodonotliketoeatfoodoutofseason.Theyliketheirfoodtobefresh,andtheyliketocookitthemselvesin“theold-fashionedway”.Itisverydifficultformodernmantorealizewhatitisliketolivewithouttheadvantagesofpre-packagedandcannedfood.Europeansocietyinitspresentformcouldnotcopewithoutmodernmethodsoffoodprocessing.Imagineyourlocalsupermarketwithoutallthecansofpre-packagedfoods.Thesupermarketwouldturnintoachaosofrottenvegetables,stalebreadandunhealthymeat.Thehealthproblemswouldbeinsurmountable,unlessweallwentintothecountrytosupportourselves.
Sonexttimeyourejectcannedfoodasbeingtastelessorunimaginative,rememberthatyoucanonlyaffordtoeatfreshfoodbecausecannedfoodexists.
1.InwhichwaywasHenryJohnHeinzsuccessful?
[A]Heachievedacommercialsuccessoffoodpreservation.
[B]Hesoldhishome-madefoodtoCaptainScott.
[C]Divisionsofhiscompanywereextendedthroughouttheworld.
[D]HesailedaroundtheworldandreachedtheAntarctic.
2.Themaindisadvantageofconservedfoodis__________.
[A]thealterationintaste
[B]therelativelyhighprice
[C]themass-production
[D]thetediousortastelessrecipes
3.Whydosomepeopleespeciallydislikecannedfood?
[A]Theyknowhowtopreservefoodintheirownway.
[B]Theylikefoodfreshlypicked.
[C]Theydislikefoodsthataremadetoatraditionalrecipe.
[D]Theydonotlikecanningchefs.
4.Whatwouldhappeniftherewerenocannedfood?
[A]Themodernsocietywouldnotfunctionproperly.
[B]Healthproblemswouldneverbesolved.
[C]Peoplewouldhavenofoodsupplyandstarvetodeath.
[D]Foodsinthesupermarketwouldbecomestale.
5.Whatisthewriter’sattitudetowardcannedfood?
[A]Approving.
[B]Negative.
[C]Indifferent.
[D]Neutral.
Questions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
Tounderstandwhythecurrentprocessfortrainingteachersissobroken,let’suseabusinessexample.Imaginetwocompanies.CompanyAhiresthebestpeopleitcan.Thosewhoarehiredarepaidandpromotedbasedonperformance.Thisisnoteasy,asit’softenhardtodeterminewhoisreallydoingagoodjob.Thecompensationandpromotionprocessispronetopoliticsandpersonalpreferences.
Still,mostpeopleatCompanyArecognizethatthereisaconnectionbetweenpayandproductivity.Thetruesuperstarsgetrecognizedeventually.Thosewhocometoworkbutnevercontributearefiredeventually.
CompanyBalsoseekstohirethebestpeopleitcan.First,allprospectiveemployeesmustundertaketwoyearsoffull-timespecializedtraining,attheirownexpense,justtobeconsideredforajob.Studyafterstudyhasshownthatthistraininghaszeroconnectiontosubsequentperformanceatthefirm,butCompanyBstickstothisscreeningmechanismanyway.
Second,allemployeeseventuallyhiredbyCompanyBarepaidbasedontheiryearsofexperienceatthefirm.Finally,CompanyBpromisesthatnoonewhohasworkedatthecompanyforthreeyearsormorewilleverbefired,eveniftheirperformanceismediocreorpoor.
InCompanyB,employeeswhocometoworkanddon’tactuallyworkmaygetfired.Thesuperstarsgetnothingextra.Theyaren’tpaidmoreorpromotedfaster,sincepayisstrictlytiedtoyearsonthejob.
Asyoumayhaveguessed,CompanyBispubliceducation.CompanyAistherestoftheeconomy.That’snotnews.Muchhasbeenwrittenaboutthebrokenincentiveswithineducation.Butthisdiscussionalmostalwaysfocusesonhowcompensationpracticesaffecttheincentivesofexistingteachers.
Thatmakessense—butitalsomissesacrucialpoint.Theworstaspectofthepubliceducationpaystructureisthatitdiscouragesmotivated,productive,energeticpeoplefromenteringtheprofessioninthefirstplace.
What’smore,despiteasteadyflowofevidencethatourcurrentteachertrainingrequirementshaveessentiallynocorrelationwithperformanceintheclassroom,moststatescontinuetoinsistthatprospectiveteachersundertakeexpensiveandtime-consumingcourses.That,too,isahugedeterrentforbrightyoungpeoplewhomightotherwisebeattractedtoteaching.
6.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutCompanyA?
[A]Thosewhocontributealotwillhardlyberecognized.
[B]Employeesgetpromotedaccordingtotheirperformance.
[C]Politicsandpreferencesplaydecisiverolesinone’spromotion.
[D]Thosewhoworkpoorlywillcontinuetostayinthecompany.
7.EmployeesofCompanyBwill__________.
[A]workatleastthreeyearsforthecompany
[B]takespecializedtrainingattheirownexpenses
[C]trytohavethebestperformancetobepromoted
[D]getpaidaccordingtotheyearstheyworkforthecompany
8.Whatdoesthe“thisscreeningmechanism”(Para.3)referto?
[A]Whethertheprospectiveemployeeshavethebestperformance.
[B]Whethertheprospectiveemployeeshavethebestqualifications.
[C]Whethertheprospectiveemployeesarehardworkingornot.
[D]Whethertheprospectiveemployeeshavetakenaspecializedtraining.
9.Whatdoestheauthorthinkaboutthecurrentprocessfortrainingteachers?
[A]Itaffectsthebehaviorofteachers.
[B]Itprovidesfewerchancesfortalentedpeople.
[C]Itmakesbrightyoungpeopleunwillingtobeateacher.
[D]Ithasgreatinfluenceonthesubsequentperformanceofteachers.
10.Theword“deterrent”(Para.8)mostprobablymeans__________.
[A]threat
[B]decision
[C]condition
[D]discouragement
Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
SinceJanuary,Lisa,45,hasbeenwalkingoneggshellsatwork.Thiswouldbefineifshewereach