Manifesto of the Communist PartyWord下载.docx

Manifesto of the Communist PartyWord下载.docx

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WhereisthepartyinoppositionthathasnotbeendecriedasCommunisticbyitsopponentsinpower?

WheretheOppositionthathasnothurledbackthebrandingreproachofCommunism,againstthemoreadvancedoppositionparties,aswellasagainstitsreactionaryadversaries?

Twothingsresultfromthisfact.

I.CommunismisalreadyacknowledgedbyallEuropeanPowerstobeitselfaPower.

II.ItishightimethatCommunistsshouldopenly,inthefaceofthewholeworld,publishtheirviews,theiraims,theirtendencies,andmeetthisnurserytaleoftheSpectreofCommunismwithaManifestoofthepartyitself.

Tothisend,CommunistsofvariousnationalitieshaveassembledinLondon,andsketchedthefollowingManifesto,tobepublishedintheEnglish,French,German,Italian,FlemishandDanishlanguages.

I.BourgeoisandProletarians

ManifestooftheCommunistParty

I.BourgeoisandProletarians

Thehistoryofallhithertoexistingsocietiesisthehistoryofclassstruggles.

Freemanandslave,patricianandplebeian,lordandserf,guild-masterandjourneyman,inaword,oppressorandoppressed,stoodinconstantoppositiontooneanother,carriedonanuninterrupted,nowhidden,nowopenfight,afightthateachtimeended,eitherinarevolutionaryre-constitutionofsocietyatlarge,orinthecommonruinofthecontendingclasses.

Intheearlierepochsofhistory,wefindalmosteverywhereacomplicatedarrangementofsocietyintovariousorders,amanifoldgradationofsocialrank.InancientRomewehavepatricians,knights,plebeians,slaves;

intheMiddleAges,feudallords,vassals,guild-masters,journeymen,apprentices,serfs;

inalmostalloftheseclasses,again,subordinategradations.

Themodernbourgeoissocietythathassproutedfromtheruinsoffeudalsocietyhasnotdoneawaywithclashantagonisms.Ithasbutestablishednewclasses,newconditionsofoppression,newformsofstruggleinplaceoftheoldones.Ourepoch,theepochofthebourgeoisie,possesses,however,thisdistinctivefeature:

ithassimplifiedtheclassantagonisms:

Societyasawholeismoreandmoresplittingupintotwogreathostilecamps,intotwogreatclasses,directlyfacingeachother:

BourgeoisieandProletariat.

FromtheserfsoftheMiddleAgessprangthecharteredburghersoftheearliesttowns.Fromtheseburgessesthefirstelementsofthebourgeoisieweredeveloped.

ThediscoveryofAmerica,theroundingoftheCape,openedupfreshgroundfortherisingbourgeoisie.TheEast-IndianandChinesemarkets,thecolonisationofAmerica,tradewiththecolonies,theincreaseinthemeansofexchangeandincommoditiesgenerally,gavetocommerce,tonavigation,toindustry,animpulseneverbeforeknown,andthereby,totherevolutionaryelementinthetotteringfeudalsociety,arapiddevelopment.

Thefeudalsystemofindustry,underwhichindustrialproductionwasmonopolisedbyclosedguilds,nownolongersufficedforthegrowingwantsofthenewmarkets.Themanufacturingsystemtookitsplace.Theguild-masterswerepushedononesidebythemanufacturingmiddleclass;

divisionoflabourbetweenthedifferentcorporateguildsvanishedinthefaceofdivisionoflabourineachsingleworkshop.

Meantimethemarketskeptevergrowing,thedemandeverrising.Evenmanufacturenolongersufficed.Thereupon,steamandmachineryrevolutionisedindustrialproduction.Theplaceofmanufacturewastakenbythegiant,ModernIndustry,theplaceoftheindustrialmiddleclass,byindustrialmillionaires,theleadersofwholeindustrialarmies,themodernbourgeois.

Modernindustryhasestablishedtheworld-market,forwhichthediscoveryofAmericapavedtheway.Thismarkethasgivenanimmensedevelopmenttocommerce,tonavigation,tocommunicationbyland.Thisdevelopmenthas,initstime,reactedontheextensionofindustry;

andinproportionasindustry,commerce,navigation,railwaysextended,inthesameproportionthebourgeoisiedeveloped,increaseditscapital,andpushedintothebackgroundeveryclasshandeddownfromtheMiddleAges.

Wesee,therefore,howthemodernbourgeoisieisitselftheproductofalongcourseofdevelopment,ofaseriesofrevolutionsinthemodesofproductionandofexchange.

Eachstepinthedevelopmentofthebourgeoisiewasaccompaniedbyacorrespondingpoliticaladvanceofthatclass.Anoppressedclassundertheswayofthefeudalnobility,anarmedandself-governingassociationinthemediaevalcommune;

hereindependenturbanrepublic（asinItalyandGermany）,theretaxable"

thirdestate"

ofthemonarchy（asinFrance）,afterwards,intheperiodofmanufactureproper,servingeitherthesemi-feudalortheabsolutemonarchyasacounterpoiseagainstthenobility,and,infact,corner-stoneofthegreatmonarchiesingeneral,thebourgeoisiehasatlast,sincetheestablishmentofModernIndustryandoftheworld-market,conqueredforitself,inthemodernrepresentativeState,exclusivepoliticalsway.TheexecutiveofthemodernStateisbutacommitteeformanagingthecommonaffairsofthewholebourgeoisie.

Thebourgeoisie,historically,hasplayedamostrevolutionarypart.

Thebourgeoisie,whereverithasgottheupperhand,hasputanendtoallfeudal,patriarchal,idyllicrelations.Ithaspitilesslytornasunderthemotleyfeudaltiesthatboundmantohis"

naturalsuperiors,"

andhasleftremainingnoothernexusbetweenmanandmanthannakedself-interest,thancallous"

cashpayment."

Ithasdrownedthemostheavenlyecstasiesofreligiousfervour,ofchivalrousenthusiasm,ofphilistinesentimentalism,intheicywaterofegotisticalcalculation.Ithasresolvedpersonalworthintoexchangevalue.Andinplaceofthenumberlessandfeasiblecharteredfreedoms,hassetupthatsingle,unconscionablefreedom--FreeTrade.Inoneword,forexploitation,veiledbyreligiousandpoliticalillusions,naked,shameless,direct,brutalexploitation.

Thebourgeoisiehasstrippedofitshaloeveryoccupationhithertohonouredandlookeduptowithreverentawe.Ithasconvertedthephysician,thelawyer,thepriest,thepoet,themanofscience,intoitspaidwagelabourers.

Thebourgeoisiehastornawayfromthefamilyitssentimentalveil,andhasreducedthefamilyrelationtoameremoneyrelation.

ThebourgeoisiehasdisclosedhowitcametopassthatthebrutaldisplayofvigourintheMiddleAges,whichReactionistssomuchadmire,founditsfittingcomplementinthemostslothfulindolence.Ithasbeenthefirsttoshowwhatman'

sactivitycanbringabout.IthasaccomplishedwondersfarsurpassingEgyptianpyramids,Romanaqueducts,andGothiccathedrals;

ithasconductedexpeditionsthatputintheshadeallformerExodusesofnationsandcrusades.

Thebourgeoisiecannotexistwithoutconstantlyrevolutionisingtheinstrumentsofproduction,andtherebytherelationsofproduction,andwiththemthewholerelationsofsociety.Conservationoftheoldmodesofproductioninunalteredform,was,onthecontrary,thefirstconditionofexistenceforallearlierindustrialclasses.Constantrevolutionisingofproduction,uninterrupteddisturbanceofallsocialconditions,everlastinguncertaintyandagitationdistinguishthebourgeoisepochfromallearlierones.Allfixed,fast-frozenrelations,withtheirtrainofancientandvenerableprejudicesandopinions,aresweptaway,allnew-formedonesbecomeantiquatedbeforetheycanossify.Allthatissolidmeltsintoair,allthatisholyisprofaned,andmanisatlastcompelledtofacewithsobersenses,hisrealconditionsoflife,andhisrelationswithhiskind.

Theneedofaconstantlyexpandingmarketforitsproductschasesthebourgeoisieoverthewholesurfaceoftheglobe.Itmustnestleeverywhere,settleeverywhere,establishconnexionseverywhere.

Thebourgeoisiehasthroughitsexploitationoftheworld-marketgivenacosmopolitancharactertoproductionandconsumptionineverycountry.TothegreatchagrinofReactionists,ithasdrawnfromunderthefeetofindustrythenationalgroundonwhichitstood.Allold-establishednationalindustrieshavebeendestroyedoraredailybeingdestroyed.Theyaredislodgedbynewindustries,whoseintroductionbecomesalifeanddeathquestionforallcivilisednations,byindustriesthatnolongerworkupindigenousrawmaterial,butrawmaterialdrawnfromtheremotestzones;

industrieswhoseproductsareconsumed,notonlyathome,butineveryquarteroftheglobe.Inplaceoftheoldwants,satisfiedbytheproductionsofthecountry,wefindnewwants,requiringfortheirsatisfactiontheproductsofdistantlandsandclimes.Inplaceoftheoldlocalandnationalseclusionandself-sufficiency,wehaveintercourseineverydirection,universalinter-dependenceofnations.Andasinmaterial,soalsoinintellectualproduction.Theintellectualcreationsofindividualnationsbecomecommonproperty.Nationalone-sidednessandnarrow-mindednessbecomemoreandmoreimpossible,andfromthenumerousnationalandlocalliteratures,therearisesaworldliterature.

Thebourgeoisie,bytherapidimprovementofallinstrumentsofproduction,bytheimmenselyfacilitatedmeansofcommunication,drawsall,eventhemostbarbarian,nationsintocivilisation.ThecheappricesofitscommoditiesaretheheavyartillerywithwhichitbattersdownallChinesewalls,withwhichitforcesthebarbarians'

intenselyobstinatehatredofforeignerstoc