Manifesto of the Communist PartyWord下载.docx
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WhereisthepartyinoppositionthathasnotbeendecriedasCommunisticbyitsopponentsinpower?
WheretheOppositionthathasnothurledbackthebrandingreproachofCommunism,againstthemoreadvancedoppositionparties,aswellasagainstitsreactionaryadversaries?
Twothingsresultfromthisfact.
I.CommunismisalreadyacknowledgedbyallEuropeanPowerstobeitselfaPower.
II.ItishightimethatCommunistsshouldopenly,inthefaceofthewholeworld,publishtheirviews,theiraims,theirtendencies,andmeetthisnurserytaleoftheSpectreofCommunismwithaManifestoofthepartyitself.
Tothisend,CommunistsofvariousnationalitieshaveassembledinLondon,andsketchedthefollowingManifesto,tobepublishedintheEnglish,French,German,Italian,FlemishandDanishlanguages.
I.BourgeoisandProletarians
ManifestooftheCommunistParty
I.BourgeoisandProletarians
Thehistoryofallhithertoexistingsocietiesisthehistoryofclassstruggles.
Freemanandslave,patricianandplebeian,lordandserf,guild-masterandjourneyman,inaword,oppressorandoppressed,stoodinconstantoppositiontooneanother,carriedonanuninterrupted,nowhidden,nowopenfight,afightthateachtimeended,eitherinarevolutionaryre-constitutionofsocietyatlarge,orinthecommonruinofthecontendingclasses.
Intheearlierepochsofhistory,wefindalmosteverywhereacomplicatedarrangementofsocietyintovariousorders,amanifoldgradationofsocialrank.InancientRomewehavepatricians,knights,plebeians,slaves;
intheMiddleAges,feudallords,vassals,guild-masters,journeymen,apprentices,serfs;
inalmostalloftheseclasses,again,subordinategradations.
Themodernbourgeoissocietythathassproutedfromtheruinsoffeudalsocietyhasnotdoneawaywithclashantagonisms.Ithasbutestablishednewclasses,newconditionsofoppression,newformsofstruggleinplaceoftheoldones.Ourepoch,theepochofthebourgeoisie,possesses,however,thisdistinctivefeature:
ithassimplifiedtheclassantagonisms:
Societyasawholeismoreandmoresplittingupintotwogreathostilecamps,intotwogreatclasses,directlyfacingeachother:
BourgeoisieandProletariat.
FromtheserfsoftheMiddleAgessprangthecharteredburghersoftheearliesttowns.Fromtheseburgessesthefirstelementsofthebourgeoisieweredeveloped.
ThediscoveryofAmerica,theroundingoftheCape,openedupfreshgroundfortherisingbourgeoisie.TheEast-IndianandChinesemarkets,thecolonisationofAmerica,tradewiththecolonies,theincreaseinthemeansofexchangeandincommoditiesgenerally,gavetocommerce,tonavigation,toindustry,animpulseneverbeforeknown,andthereby,totherevolutionaryelementinthetotteringfeudalsociety,arapiddevelopment.
Thefeudalsystemofindustry,underwhichindustrialproductionwasmonopolisedbyclosedguilds,nownolongersufficedforthegrowingwantsofthenewmarkets.Themanufacturingsystemtookitsplace.Theguild-masterswerepushedononesidebythemanufacturingmiddleclass;
divisionoflabourbetweenthedifferentcorporateguildsvanishedinthefaceofdivisionoflabourineachsingleworkshop.
Meantimethemarketskeptevergrowing,thedemandeverrising.Evenmanufacturenolongersufficed.Thereupon,steamandmachineryrevolutionisedindustrialproduction.Theplaceofmanufacturewastakenbythegiant,ModernIndustry,theplaceoftheindustrialmiddleclass,byindustrialmillionaires,theleadersofwholeindustrialarmies,themodernbourgeois.
Modernindustryhasestablishedtheworld-market,forwhichthediscoveryofAmericapavedtheway.Thismarkethasgivenanimmensedevelopmenttocommerce,tonavigation,tocommunicationbyland.Thisdevelopmenthas,initstime,reactedontheextensionofindustry;
andinproportionasindustry,commerce,navigation,railwaysextended,inthesameproportionthebourgeoisiedeveloped,increaseditscapital,andpushedintothebackgroundeveryclasshandeddownfromtheMiddleAges.
Wesee,therefore,howthemodernbourgeoisieisitselftheproductofalongcourseofdevelopment,ofaseriesofrevolutionsinthemodesofproductionandofexchange.
Eachstepinthedevelopmentofthebourgeoisiewasaccompaniedbyacorrespondingpoliticaladvanceofthatclass.Anoppressedclassundertheswayofthefeudalnobility,anarmedandself-governingassociationinthemediaevalcommune;
hereindependenturbanrepublic(asinItalyandGermany),theretaxable"
thirdestate"
ofthemonarchy(asinFrance),afterwards,intheperiodofmanufactureproper,servingeitherthesemi-feudalortheabsolutemonarchyasacounterpoiseagainstthenobility,and,infact,corner-stoneofthegreatmonarchiesingeneral,thebourgeoisiehasatlast,sincetheestablishmentofModernIndustryandoftheworld-market,conqueredforitself,inthemodernrepresentativeState,exclusivepoliticalsway.TheexecutiveofthemodernStateisbutacommitteeformanagingthecommonaffairsofthewholebourgeoisie.
Thebourgeoisie,historically,hasplayedamostrevolutionarypart.
Thebourgeoisie,whereverithasgottheupperhand,hasputanendtoallfeudal,patriarchal,idyllicrelations.Ithaspitilesslytornasunderthemotleyfeudaltiesthatboundmantohis"
naturalsuperiors,"
andhasleftremainingnoothernexusbetweenmanandmanthannakedself-interest,thancallous"
cashpayment."
Ithasdrownedthemostheavenlyecstasiesofreligiousfervour,ofchivalrousenthusiasm,ofphilistinesentimentalism,intheicywaterofegotisticalcalculation.Ithasresolvedpersonalworthintoexchangevalue.Andinplaceofthenumberlessandfeasiblecharteredfreedoms,hassetupthatsingle,unconscionablefreedom--FreeTrade.Inoneword,forexploitation,veiledbyreligiousandpoliticalillusions,naked,shameless,direct,brutalexploitation.
Thebourgeoisiehasstrippedofitshaloeveryoccupationhithertohonouredandlookeduptowithreverentawe.Ithasconvertedthephysician,thelawyer,thepriest,thepoet,themanofscience,intoitspaidwagelabourers.
Thebourgeoisiehastornawayfromthefamilyitssentimentalveil,andhasreducedthefamilyrelationtoameremoneyrelation.
ThebourgeoisiehasdisclosedhowitcametopassthatthebrutaldisplayofvigourintheMiddleAges,whichReactionistssomuchadmire,founditsfittingcomplementinthemostslothfulindolence.Ithasbeenthefirsttoshowwhatman'
sactivitycanbringabout.IthasaccomplishedwondersfarsurpassingEgyptianpyramids,Romanaqueducts,andGothiccathedrals;
ithasconductedexpeditionsthatputintheshadeallformerExodusesofnationsandcrusades.
Thebourgeoisiecannotexistwithoutconstantlyrevolutionisingtheinstrumentsofproduction,andtherebytherelationsofproduction,andwiththemthewholerelationsofsociety.Conservationoftheoldmodesofproductioninunalteredform,was,onthecontrary,thefirstconditionofexistenceforallearlierindustrialclasses.Constantrevolutionisingofproduction,uninterrupteddisturbanceofallsocialconditions,everlastinguncertaintyandagitationdistinguishthebourgeoisepochfromallearlierones.Allfixed,fast-frozenrelations,withtheirtrainofancientandvenerableprejudicesandopinions,aresweptaway,allnew-formedonesbecomeantiquatedbeforetheycanossify.Allthatissolidmeltsintoair,allthatisholyisprofaned,andmanisatlastcompelledtofacewithsobersenses,hisrealconditionsoflife,andhisrelationswithhiskind.
Theneedofaconstantlyexpandingmarketforitsproductschasesthebourgeoisieoverthewholesurfaceoftheglobe.Itmustnestleeverywhere,settleeverywhere,establishconnexionseverywhere.
Thebourgeoisiehasthroughitsexploitationoftheworld-marketgivenacosmopolitancharactertoproductionandconsumptionineverycountry.TothegreatchagrinofReactionists,ithasdrawnfromunderthefeetofindustrythenationalgroundonwhichitstood.Allold-establishednationalindustrieshavebeendestroyedoraredailybeingdestroyed.Theyaredislodgedbynewindustries,whoseintroductionbecomesalifeanddeathquestionforallcivilisednations,byindustriesthatnolongerworkupindigenousrawmaterial,butrawmaterialdrawnfromtheremotestzones;
industrieswhoseproductsareconsumed,notonlyathome,butineveryquarteroftheglobe.Inplaceoftheoldwants,satisfiedbytheproductionsofthecountry,wefindnewwants,requiringfortheirsatisfactiontheproductsofdistantlandsandclimes.Inplaceoftheoldlocalandnationalseclusionandself-sufficiency,wehaveintercourseineverydirection,universalinter-dependenceofnations.Andasinmaterial,soalsoinintellectualproduction.Theintellectualcreationsofindividualnationsbecomecommonproperty.Nationalone-sidednessandnarrow-mindednessbecomemoreandmoreimpossible,andfromthenumerousnationalandlocalliteratures,therearisesaworldliterature.
Thebourgeoisie,bytherapidimprovementofallinstrumentsofproduction,bytheimmenselyfacilitatedmeansofcommunication,drawsall,eventhemostbarbarian,nationsintocivilisation.ThecheappricesofitscommoditiesaretheheavyartillerywithwhichitbattersdownallChinesewalls,withwhichitforcesthebarbarians'
intenselyobstinatehatredofforeignerstoc