Book 2 Unit 3 高英第二册 第三单元Word下载.docx

Book 2 Unit 3 高英第二册 第三单元Word下载.docx

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•ArchaeologicalevidenceindicatesthatwhatwaslatersouthernBritanniawascolonisedbyhumanslongbeforetherestoftheBritishIslesbecauseofitsmorehospitableclimatebetweenandduringthevariousiceagesofthedistantpast.

•ThefirsthistoricalmentionoftheregionisfromtheMassaliotePeriplus,asailingmanualformerchantsthoughttodatetothe6thcenturyBC,althoughculturalandtradelinkswiththecontinenthadexistedformillenniapriortothis.PytheasofMassiliawroteofhistradingjourneytotheislandaround325BC.

•TacituswrotethattherewasnogreatdifferenceinlanguagebetweenthepeopleofsouthernBritanniaandnorthernGaulandnotedthatthevariousnationsofBritonssharedphysicalcharacteristicswiththeircontinentalneighbours.

RomanBritain（Britannia）

•JuliusCaesarinvadedsouthernBritainin55and54BCandwroteinDeBelloGallicothatthepopulationofsouthernBritanniawasextremelylargeandsharedmuchincommonwiththeBelgaeoftheLowCountries.CoinevidenceandtheworkoflaterRomanhistorianshaveprovidedthenamesofsomeoftherulersofthedisparatetribesandtheirmachinationsinwhatwasBritannia.UntiltheRomanConquestofBritain,Britain'

sBritishpopulationwasrelativelystable,andbythetimeofJuliusCaesar'

sfirstinvasion,theBritishpopulationofwhatwasoldBritainwasspeakingaCelticlanguagegenerallythoughttobetheforerunnerofthemodernBrythoniclanguages.AfterJuliusCaesarabandonedBritain,itfellbackintothehandsoftheBritons.

•TheRomansbegantheirsecondconquestofBritainin43AD,duringthereignofClaudius.TheyannexedthewholeofmodernEnglandandWalesoverthenextfortyyearsandperiodicallyextendedtheircontrolovermuchoflowlandScotland.

Post-RomanBritain

•InthewakeofthebreakdownofRomanruleinBritainaround410,presentdayEnglandwasprogressivelysettledbyGermanicgroups.CollectivelyknownastheAnglo-Saxons,theseincludedJutesfromJutlandtogetherwithlargernumbersofSaxonsfromnorthwesternGermanyandAnglesfromwhatisnowSchleswig-Holstein.PriortothosesettlementssomeFrisiansinvadedsoutheasternBritaininthe250'

s.

•TheyfirstinvadedBritaininthemid5thcentury,continuingforseveraldecades.TheJutesappeartohavebeentheprincipalgroupofsettlersinKent,theIsleofWightandpartsofcoastalHampshire,whiletheSaxonspredominatedinallotherareassouthoftheThamesandinEssexandMiddlesex,andtheAnglesinNorfolk,Suffolk,theMidlandsandthenorth.

Anglo-SaxonconquestsandthefoundingofEngland

•Inapproximately495,attheBattleofMountBadon,BritonsinflictedaseveredefeatonaninvadingAnglo-SaxonarmywhichhaltedthewestwardAnglo-Saxonadvanceforsomedecades.ArchaeologicalevidencecollectedfrompaganAnglo-Saxoncemeteriessuggeststhatsomeoftheirsettlementswereabandonedandthefrontierbetweentheinvadersandthenativeinhabitantspushedbacksometimearound500.

•Anglo-Saxonexpansionresumedinthesixthcentury,althoughthechronologyofitsprogressisunclear.OneofthefewindividualeventswhichemergeswithanyclaritybeforetheseventhcenturyistheBattleofDeorham,in577,aWestSaxonvictorywhichledtothecaptureofCirencester,GloucesterandBath,bringingtheAnglo-SaxonadvancetotheBristolChannelanddividingtheBritonsintheWestCountryfromthoseinWales.TheNorthumbrianvictoryattheBattleofChesteraround616mayhavehadasimilareffectindividingWalesfromtheBritonsofCumbria.

•GradualSaxonexpansionthroughtheWestCountrycontinuedthroughtheseventh,eighthandninthcenturies.Meanwhile,bythemid-seventhcenturytheAngleshadpushedtheBritonsbacktotheapproximatebordersofmodernWalesinthewest,theTamarintheSouthwestandexpandednorthwardasfarastheRiverForth.

HeptarchyandChristianisation

•ChristianisationofAnglo-SaxonEnglandbeganaround600AD,influencedbyCelticChristianityfromthenorthwestandbytheRomanCatholicChurchfromthesoutheast.

•Throughoutthe7thand8thcenturypowerfluctuatedbetweenthelargerkingdoms.

•Theso-called"

MercianSupremacy"

dominatedthe8thcentury.However,arisingWessex,andchallengesfromsmallerkingdoms,keptMercianpowerincheck,andbytheearly9thcenturythe"

wasover.

•ThisperiodhasbeendescribedastheHeptarchy.ThewordaroseonthebasisthatthesevenkingdomsofNorthumbria,Mercia,Kent,EastAnglia,Essex,SussexandWessexwerethemainpolitiesofsouthBritain.

Vikingchallenge

•Englandin878

theNormanconquest

•Canutewassucceededbyhissons,butin1042thenativedynastywasrestoredwiththeaccessionofEdwardtheConfessor.Edward'

sfailuretoproduceanheircausedafuriousconflictoverthesuccessiononhisdeathin1066.HisstrugglesforpoweragainstGodwin,EarlofWessex,theclaimsofCanute'

sScandinaviansuccessors,andtheambitionsoftheNormanswhomEdwardintroducedtoEnglishpoliticstobolsterhisownpositioncausedeachtovieforcontrolEdward'

sreign.

•HaroldGodwinsonbecameking,inalllikelihoodappointedbyEdwardtheConfessoronhisdeathbedandendorsedbytheWitan.WilliamofNormandy,HaraldIIIofNorway（aidedbyHaroldGodwin'

sestrangedbrotherTostig）andSweynIIofDenmarkallassertedclaimstothethrone.

•OnSeptember28,1066,WilliamofNormandyinvadedEnglandwithaforceofNormans,inacampaignknownastheNormanConquest.

TheHistoryofBritain

•1.ThenativepeopleinBritainCelts

•---Celt（language）

•2.RomanConquest43AD,ruledfor400years

•Latin（language）

•3.In449Angles,Saxon,andJutesfromNorthwestofGermany,conqueredthemostpartofEngland

•English---oldEnglish

•4.9thcentury,Scandinavianconquest

•Danish（language）

•5.11thcenturyNormanConquestfor400years

•French（language）

•6.Britishpeopleconqueredtheconquestagain.Englishwonitsrecognition.

•TypeofWriting

•Structure

TypeofWriting

•apieceofexposition

•WhatisKing'

sEnglish?

•Whatispubtalk?

•pubtalk

•---conversationheldinthepublichouse

•TheKing'

sEnglish

•---standardEnglish

Writingstyle

•Isthetitleofthepiecewellchosen?

•Thetitleofthispieceisnotveryaptlychosen.

•Itmisleadsthereadersintothinkingthatthewriterisgoingtodemonstratesomeintrinsicorlinguisticrelationshipbetweenpubtalkandtheking'

sEnglish.

•Whereasthewriter,inreality,isjustdiscoursingonwhatmakesgoodconversation.

•Hefeelsthatbarconversationinthepubhasacharmofitsown.

•Thewriterillustrateshispointbydescribingthecharmingconversationhehadwithsomepeopleoneeveninginapubonthetopic“theKing'

sEnglish"

.

•Thethesis---intheopeningsentenceofPara1.

•Conversationisthemostsociableofallhumanactivities.

•Thelastsentenceofthelastpar.windsupthethemebypointingoutwhatisthebane（祸害）ofgoodconversation......."

talkingsense“

•Therealthesis---inthe3rdpara.“Barconversationhasacharmofitsown”.

•Abettertitlewouldbe:

•"

TheArtofGoodConversation“

TheCharmsofConversation"

Structureofthetext

•Sect.Ipar.1-3

•Thewriterputsforwardthetheses.

•1.Conversationisthemostsociableofallhumanactivities.

•2.Barconversationhasacharmofitsown.

•Sect.IIpar.4-11

•anexampletosupportthethesis

•nofixedtopic---theKing'

sEnglish--Australia--Saxonchurls--thelanguagebarriers

•Theexamplehaswellexplainedwhereitscharmlies.

•Sect.IIIpar.12--19

•moredigressions（whatthewriterthoughtaboutafterthebarconversationthenightbefore）

•Para.12-15HegiveshispersonalreflectiononthehistoryandmeaningoftheKing'

•Para.16-19Bythementioningofdictionariesandsalonsof18thParis,herevealshisattitudetowardstheKing'

attitude:

•1）notultimatum

•2）slipsandslides

•Sect.IV.Para.20--21

•conclusion

•Thosepeoplewhoruintheconversationbytryingtotalksensearejustlikechimpanzeeswhoarenotcapableofconversation.

DetailedStudy

Section1:

Para.1-3

#1Conversationisthemostsociableofallhumanactivities.

•Conversationhelpstopromoteanagreeablepleasantandinformalrelationshipamongpeople.

sociable

•Adj.friendlyoragreeable,esp.inaneasy,informalway

•史密斯一家人很好交际。

•Thesmithsareasociablefamily.

•Shehatessherry,tolerateswine,andoccasionallysipsatchampagnetobesociable.

•她讨厌雪利酒，可以喝一点葡萄酒，有时，为了社交她也喝一点香槟酒。

Anditisanactivityonlyofhumans.

•--Andconversationisanactivitywhichisfoundonlyamonghumanbeings.

•Animalsandbirdsarenotcapableofconversation.

intricate---complicated

•Theintricatecomputerrequiresaskilledoperator.

•anintricateplot

indulgein

•allowoneselftohaveorenjoy

•容许自己享受；

尽情

•他不再过度吸烟了。

•Henolongerindulgedhimselfinsmoking.