00596英语阅读二 全国13年自考 试题Word文档格式.docx

00596英语阅读二 全国13年自考 试题Word文档格式.docx

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Inthispartofthetest,therearefivepassages.Followingeachpassage,therearefivequestionswithfourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestanswerandthenblackenthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.

PassageOne

Computersshouldbeintheschools.Theyhavethepotentialtoaccomplishgreatthings.Withtherightsoftware,theycouldhelpmakesciencetangibleorteachneglectedtopicslikeartandmusic.Theycouldhelpstudentsformaconcreteideaofsocietybydisplayingonscreenaversionofthecityinwhichtheylive—apicturethattracksreallifemomentbymoment.

Inpractice,however,computersmakeourworsteducationalnightmarescometrue.Whilewebemoanthedeclineofliteracy,computersdiscountwordsinfavorofpicturesandpicturesinfavorofvideo.Whilewefretaboutthedecreasingcogencyofpublicdebate,computersdismisslinearargumentandpromotefast,shallowrompsacrosstheinformationlandscape.Whileweworryaboutbasicskills,weallowintotheclassroomsoftwarethatwilldoastudent’sarithmeticorcorrecthisspelling.

Takemultimedia.Theideaofmultimediaistocombinetext,soundandpicturesinasinglepackagethatyoubrowseonscreen.Youdon’tjustreadShakespeare;

youwatchactorsperforming,listentosongs,viewElizabethanbuildings.What’swrongwiththat?

Byofferingchildrencandy—coatedbooks,multimediaisguaranteedtosourthemonunsweetenedreading.Itmakestheprintedpagelookevenmoreboringthanitusedtolook.Sure,bookswillbeavailableintheclassroom,too—butthey’llhavealltheappealofadustypianotoateenwhohasaWalkmanhandy.

Sowhatifthelittlenippersdon’tread?

Ifthey’rewatchingOlivierinstead,whatdotheylose?

Thetext,thewrittenwordalongwithallofitsattendantpleasures.Besides,abookismoreportablethanacomputer,hasahigher—resolutiondisplay,canbewrittenonanddog—earedandiscomparativelydirtcheap.

Hypermedia,multimedia’scomradeinthestruggleforabravenewclassroom,isjustastroubling.It’sawayofpresentingdocumentsonscreenwithoutimposingalinearstart—to—finishorder.Disembodiedparagraphsarelinkedbytheme;

afterreadingoneabouttheFirstWorldWar,forexample,youmightbeabletochooseanotheraboutthetechnologyofbattleships,orthelifeofWoodrowWilson,orhemlinesonthe20s.Thisisanothercuteideathatisgoodinminorwaysandterribleinmajorones.Teachingchildrentounderstandtheorderlyunfoldingofaplotoralogicalargumentisacrucialpartofeducation.Authorsdon’tmerelyagglomerateparagraphs;

theyworkhardtomakethenarrativereadacertainway,proveaparticularpoint.Toturnabookoradocumentintohypertextistoinvitereaderstoignoreexactlywhatcounts—thestory.

Questions1—5arebasedonPassageOne.

1.Thefirstparagraphisprimarilyconcernedwith______.

A.picturinginwhatwayscomputerscanhelpinschools

B.describinghowcomputersmakeallsubjectseasierinschools

C.showingwhatcomputershaveaccomplishedinschools

D.examininghowcomputersarebeingusedinschools

2.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthesoftwarethatwilldoastudent’sarithmeticorcorrecthisspelling?

A.Amazed.B.Reserved.

C.Interested.D.Disapproval.

3.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“unsweetenedreading”inParagraph3?

A.Onlinereading.B.Difficultreadingmaterials.

C.Regularbooks.D.Seriousandsadstories.

4.TheauthormentionsShakespeareinorderto______.

A.illustratehowmultimediapresentsinformationinclassroom

B.citeoneofthemostfrequentlyusedsourcesinschools

C.introducetheimportanceofreadingclassics

D.showhowmultimediaisintegratedintraditionalteaching

5.WhichofthefollowingstatementisTRUEaccordingtotheauthor?

A.Teachingstudentstounderstandlogicalargumentishighlyignored.

B.Theemploymentofhypermediamayhurtstudents’learningprocess.

C.Hypermediaexposesstudentstotoomuchinformation.

D.Students’readingskillshavedrasticallydropped.

PassageTwo

Onetheorythathasgainedinfluenceamongsociologistsisthatsomemembersofstigmatizedgroups,whenfacedwithstressfulsituations,expectthemselvestodoworse—aprophecythatfulfillsitself.Theseexpectations,whichcanoccureveninotherwisefairsituations—suchas,say,astandardizedtest—producestressandthreatencognitivefunction.Theeffectiscalled“stereotypethreat,”andAfrican—Americans,girls,evenjockshaveallbeenshownsusceptibletostereotypethreat.

Nowanewstudyshowsthatoldpeoplearealsovulnerabletothephenomenon.Researchpsychologistsrecruited103volunteers,ages60to82,toperformsimplearithmeticandrecalltests.Thepsychologistsmanipulatedabouthalfoftheparticipantsintofeelingstereotypethreatbytellingthemthattheentirepurposeofthetestswas“toexamineagingeffectsonmemory.”Thatstatementwasdesignedtoprimetheparticipants’worrythattheiradvancedagewouldaffecttheirperformance.Bycontrast,participantsinthecontrolgroupweretoldthatthetestshadbeenconstructedtocorrectforanybiasesthatmightbeassociatedwithage,awhitelieimpartedtodampdownstereotypethreat.

Thoseinthefirstgroupperformedsignificantlyworseonthememoryteststhanthosewhoseinternalstereotypeshadn’tbeentriggered.Interestingly,peoplebetweentheagesof60and70werefarmoresusceptibletostereotypethreatthanthoseaged71to82.Theauthorstheorize,persuasively,thatpeoplewhohavejustenteredtheirseventhdecadearemoresensitivetostereotypethreatthanthosewhohavealreadybeenconsideredoldforadecade.

Remarkably,thepowerofstereotypethreatwasenoughtoovercometrueaptitude:

evenpeoplewhogenerallyhadgoodworkingmemoriesandweren’tpronetoanxiety—inshort,greattest—takers—performedworseafterbeingremindedoftheirage.Thepowerofstereotypeissostrongthatitcanoverwhelmmanyofourothertraits.

Butthegoodnewsisthatyoucanflipthisparticularpsychologicalcoinonitsoppositeside:

recentresearchhasfoundthatpositivestereotypereinforcementmaybejustaspowerfulasanynegativethreat.IndianaUniversitypsychologistsfoundthatwomen’sperformanceonmathtestsdidnotsufferasresearchershadexpected,evenwhenthetypical“womenarebadatmath”stereotypewasinvoked,aslongasapositivestereotype（say,collegestudentsaregoodatmath）waspresentedatthesametime.Inthiscase,thatmeansthattheagedarelikelytohavebetter—functioningmemorieswhentheyaretold,forinstance,thatolderpeople“havemoreexperience”or“haveseenitallbefore.”

Questions6—10arebasedonPassageTwo.

6.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Examplesofdiscriminations.B.Theconceptofstereotypethreat.

C.Adominanttheoryinsociology.D.Stressfulsituationsforthestigmatized.

7.Theword“vulnerable”inParagraph2isclosestinmeaningto______.

A.weakB.incapable

C.insecureD.susceptible

8.Thepsychologistusedawhitelieto______.

A.weakentheparticipants’worryB.monitortheparticipants’reaction

C.increasethedifficultyofthetestsD.correctbiasesassociatedwithage

9.Thedifferencebetweentheparticipantsintheir70sandthoseintheir60swas______.

A.theformerdidbetteronthetests

B.thelatterweregiveneasierquestions

C.thelattertooktheresultslessseriously

D.theformershowedmoreconcernaboutage

10.Whatmessagedoestheauthorintendtoconvevinthelastparagraph?

A.Negativestereotypescanbeturnedintopositiveones.

B.Moreshouldbedonetohelpthosediscriminated.

C.Stereotypescanbeusedasanadvantage.

D.Discriminationoncampusshouldbeeliminated.

PassageThree

Agoodreaderbecomessoonerorlateragoodbookbuyer.Thesooner,thebetter.Ofcourse,weallreadmanymorebooksthanwehaveroomforinourhomes,evenifwecouldaffordtobuythemall;

yetthereadingdoneinabookdrawnfromalibrarycannotbesopleasantatthemomentnorsopermanentlyusefulasthereadingdoneinourowncopy.

Abookwhichisworthreadingislikelytobereadmorethanonce,andateachreadingsomeideaorsomestatementmakessuchanimpressionthatwewishtorefertoitagain.Somereadersunderlinethepageastheyread,butIfindthatapagewhichIhaveunderlinedcannotgivemesomanyfreshimpressionsasonewhichhasnomarksonit.IfIcomeonapassagealreadymarkedup,Irememberthethoughtsandfeelingswhichpromptedthosefirstmarkings,andIhavethemagain,withnoadditions.Butacleanpagemayalwaysgivemesomethingnew.

MyhabitistomakemyownindexofabookasIread.IputdownthenumberofthepageandawordortwotoidentifythethoughtorthefactwhichIgetfromit.OnasecondorthirdreadingIamlikelytodoubleortriplethesizeofthisindex.Thisismysubstituteforunderlining.MostofthebooksinmylibraryaresoindexedthatIcanfindquicklythepassagewhichfromtimetotimeIwishtolookup.

Touseabookinthisway,organizingitforcontinuedusefulnessyearafteryear,wemust,ofcourse,doourreadinginacopywhichbelongstous.Ifareaderwerewealthyenough,hecouldbuyhisbooksalwaysinnewandexpensiveedition,withonlybestpaperandinthekindofbindingheprefers.Inevercouldaffordsuchluxury,andIhaveknownfewseriousanddevotedreaderswhocould.ThebooksIbuyarechieflythoseoflessexpensiveeditions.

InthelastfewyearsanewconvenienceandeconomyhascometotheAmeric