00596英语阅读二 全国13年自考 试题Word文档格式.docx
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Inthispartofthetest,therearefivepassages.Followingeachpassage,therearefivequestionswithfourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestanswerandthenblackenthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.
PassageOne
Computersshouldbeintheschools.Theyhavethepotentialtoaccomplishgreatthings.Withtherightsoftware,theycouldhelpmakesciencetangibleorteachneglectedtopicslikeartandmusic.Theycouldhelpstudentsformaconcreteideaofsocietybydisplayingonscreenaversionofthecityinwhichtheylive—apicturethattracksreallifemomentbymoment.
Inpractice,however,computersmakeourworsteducationalnightmarescometrue.Whilewebemoanthedeclineofliteracy,computersdiscountwordsinfavorofpicturesandpicturesinfavorofvideo.Whilewefretaboutthedecreasingcogencyofpublicdebate,computersdismisslinearargumentandpromotefast,shallowrompsacrosstheinformationlandscape.Whileweworryaboutbasicskills,weallowintotheclassroomsoftwarethatwilldoastudent’sarithmeticorcorrecthisspelling.
Takemultimedia.Theideaofmultimediaistocombinetext,soundandpicturesinasinglepackagethatyoubrowseonscreen.Youdon’tjustreadShakespeare;
youwatchactorsperforming,listentosongs,viewElizabethanbuildings.What’swrongwiththat?
Byofferingchildrencandy—coatedbooks,multimediaisguaranteedtosourthemonunsweetenedreading.Itmakestheprintedpagelookevenmoreboringthanitusedtolook.Sure,bookswillbeavailableintheclassroom,too—butthey’llhavealltheappealofadustypianotoateenwhohasaWalkmanhandy.
Sowhatifthelittlenippersdon’tread?
Ifthey’rewatchingOlivierinstead,whatdotheylose?
Thetext,thewrittenwordalongwithallofitsattendantpleasures.Besides,abookismoreportablethanacomputer,hasahigher—resolutiondisplay,canbewrittenonanddog—earedandiscomparativelydirtcheap.
Hypermedia,multimedia’scomradeinthestruggleforabravenewclassroom,isjustastroubling.It’sawayofpresentingdocumentsonscreenwithoutimposingalinearstart—to—finishorder.Disembodiedparagraphsarelinkedbytheme;
afterreadingoneabouttheFirstWorldWar,forexample,youmightbeabletochooseanotheraboutthetechnologyofbattleships,orthelifeofWoodrowWilson,orhemlinesonthe20s.Thisisanothercuteideathatisgoodinminorwaysandterribleinmajorones.Teachingchildrentounderstandtheorderlyunfoldingofaplotoralogicalargumentisacrucialpartofeducation.Authorsdon’tmerelyagglomerateparagraphs;
theyworkhardtomakethenarrativereadacertainway,proveaparticularpoint.Toturnabookoradocumentintohypertextistoinvitereaderstoignoreexactlywhatcounts—thestory.
Questions1—5arebasedonPassageOne.
1.Thefirstparagraphisprimarilyconcernedwith______.
A.picturinginwhatwayscomputerscanhelpinschools
B.describinghowcomputersmakeallsubjectseasierinschools
C.showingwhatcomputershaveaccomplishedinschools
D.examininghowcomputersarebeingusedinschools
2.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthesoftwarethatwilldoastudent’sarithmeticorcorrecthisspelling?
A.Amazed.B.Reserved.
C.Interested.D.Disapproval.
3.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“unsweetenedreading”inParagraph3?
A.Onlinereading.B.Difficultreadingmaterials.
C.Regularbooks.D.Seriousandsadstories.
4.TheauthormentionsShakespeareinorderto______.
A.illustratehowmultimediapresentsinformationinclassroom
B.citeoneofthemostfrequentlyusedsourcesinschools
C.introducetheimportanceofreadingclassics
D.showhowmultimediaisintegratedintraditionalteaching
5.WhichofthefollowingstatementisTRUEaccordingtotheauthor?
A.Teachingstudentstounderstandlogicalargumentishighlyignored.
B.Theemploymentofhypermediamayhurtstudents’learningprocess.
C.Hypermediaexposesstudentstotoomuchinformation.
D.Students’readingskillshavedrasticallydropped.
PassageTwo
Onetheorythathasgainedinfluenceamongsociologistsisthatsomemembersofstigmatizedgroups,whenfacedwithstressfulsituations,expectthemselvestodoworse—aprophecythatfulfillsitself.Theseexpectations,whichcanoccureveninotherwisefairsituations—suchas,say,astandardizedtest—producestressandthreatencognitivefunction.Theeffectiscalled“stereotypethreat,”andAfrican—Americans,girls,evenjockshaveallbeenshownsusceptibletostereotypethreat.
Nowanewstudyshowsthatoldpeoplearealsovulnerabletothephenomenon.Researchpsychologistsrecruited103volunteers,ages60to82,toperformsimplearithmeticandrecalltests.Thepsychologistsmanipulatedabouthalfoftheparticipantsintofeelingstereotypethreatbytellingthemthattheentirepurposeofthetestswas“toexamineagingeffectsonmemory.”Thatstatementwasdesignedtoprimetheparticipants’worrythattheiradvancedagewouldaffecttheirperformance.Bycontrast,participantsinthecontrolgroupweretoldthatthetestshadbeenconstructedtocorrectforanybiasesthatmightbeassociatedwithage,awhitelieimpartedtodampdownstereotypethreat.
Thoseinthefirstgroupperformedsignificantlyworseonthememoryteststhanthosewhoseinternalstereotypeshadn’tbeentriggered.Interestingly,peoplebetweentheagesof60and70werefarmoresusceptibletostereotypethreatthanthoseaged71to82.Theauthorstheorize,persuasively,thatpeoplewhohavejustenteredtheirseventhdecadearemoresensitivetostereotypethreatthanthosewhohavealreadybeenconsideredoldforadecade.
Remarkably,thepowerofstereotypethreatwasenoughtoovercometrueaptitude:
evenpeoplewhogenerallyhadgoodworkingmemoriesandweren’tpronetoanxiety—inshort,greattest—takers—performedworseafterbeingremindedoftheirage.Thepowerofstereotypeissostrongthatitcanoverwhelmmanyofourothertraits.
Butthegoodnewsisthatyoucanflipthisparticularpsychologicalcoinonitsoppositeside:
recentresearchhasfoundthatpositivestereotypereinforcementmaybejustaspowerfulasanynegativethreat.IndianaUniversitypsychologistsfoundthatwomen’sperformanceonmathtestsdidnotsufferasresearchershadexpected,evenwhenthetypical“womenarebadatmath”stereotypewasinvoked,aslongasapositivestereotype(say,collegestudentsaregoodatmath)waspresentedatthesametime.Inthiscase,thatmeansthattheagedarelikelytohavebetter—functioningmemorieswhentheyaretold,forinstance,thatolderpeople“havemoreexperience”or“haveseenitallbefore.”
Questions6—10arebasedonPassageTwo.
6.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?
A.Examplesofdiscriminations.B.Theconceptofstereotypethreat.
C.Adominanttheoryinsociology.D.Stressfulsituationsforthestigmatized.
7.Theword“vulnerable”inParagraph2isclosestinmeaningto______.
A.weakB.incapable
C.insecureD.susceptible
8.Thepsychologistusedawhitelieto______.
A.weakentheparticipants’worryB.monitortheparticipants’reaction
C.increasethedifficultyofthetestsD.correctbiasesassociatedwithage
9.Thedifferencebetweentheparticipantsintheir70sandthoseintheir60swas______.
A.theformerdidbetteronthetests
B.thelatterweregiveneasierquestions
C.thelattertooktheresultslessseriously
D.theformershowedmoreconcernaboutage
10.Whatmessagedoestheauthorintendtoconvevinthelastparagraph?
A.Negativestereotypescanbeturnedintopositiveones.
B.Moreshouldbedonetohelpthosediscriminated.
C.Stereotypescanbeusedasanadvantage.
D.Discriminationoncampusshouldbeeliminated.
PassageThree
Agoodreaderbecomessoonerorlateragoodbookbuyer.Thesooner,thebetter.Ofcourse,weallreadmanymorebooksthanwehaveroomforinourhomes,evenifwecouldaffordtobuythemall;
yetthereadingdoneinabookdrawnfromalibrarycannotbesopleasantatthemomentnorsopermanentlyusefulasthereadingdoneinourowncopy.
Abookwhichisworthreadingislikelytobereadmorethanonce,andateachreadingsomeideaorsomestatementmakessuchanimpressionthatwewishtorefertoitagain.Somereadersunderlinethepageastheyread,butIfindthatapagewhichIhaveunderlinedcannotgivemesomanyfreshimpressionsasonewhichhasnomarksonit.IfIcomeonapassagealreadymarkedup,Irememberthethoughtsandfeelingswhichpromptedthosefirstmarkings,andIhavethemagain,withnoadditions.Butacleanpagemayalwaysgivemesomethingnew.
MyhabitistomakemyownindexofabookasIread.IputdownthenumberofthepageandawordortwotoidentifythethoughtorthefactwhichIgetfromit.OnasecondorthirdreadingIamlikelytodoubleortriplethesizeofthisindex.Thisismysubstituteforunderlining.MostofthebooksinmylibraryaresoindexedthatIcanfindquicklythepassagewhichfromtimetotimeIwishtolookup.
Touseabookinthisway,organizingitforcontinuedusefulnessyearafteryear,wemust,ofcourse,doourreadinginacopywhichbelongstous.Ifareaderwerewealthyenough,hecouldbuyhisbooksalwaysinnewandexpensiveedition,withonlybestpaperandinthekindofbindingheprefers.Inevercouldaffordsuchluxury,andIhaveknownfewseriousanddevotedreaderswhocould.ThebooksIbuyarechieflythoseoflessexpensiveeditions.
InthelastfewyearsanewconvenienceandeconomyhascometotheAmeric