1824跨文化交际形成性测评网上形考参考答案Word文档格式.docx

1824跨文化交际形成性测评网上形考参考答案Word文档格式.docx

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Communicationisthetransferofamessagefromonepersontoanother,sothatitisunderstood,andhopefully,itinvokesaresponse. 

（Seediagraml）

Diagram1

[sender] 

Message 

[receiver]

encodes 

decodesand'

respondswithnextmessage

Communicationcanbe:

i）Verbal-languagesymbols

ii）Non-verbal-bodylanguage,gesture,clothing,conformitywithcustomsandnorms,para-lan-guage-tone,volume,pitch,emphasis,pauses,etc.Itissaidthatabout65~70%ofhowwecommunicateisthroughnon-verbalmeans. 

（Somesayupt093%!

）

Innormaleverydaycommunication,themessagedoesnotalwaystransferfromthesendertothereceiver.Suchcommunicationbreakdowncanoccurforanumberofreasons.Thesebarrierstoeffectivecommunicationareoftencollectivelyreferredtoasnoise. 

（Seediagram2）

Evenwhentwopeoplespeakacommonlanguage,andsharecommonexperiencesandbackgroundknowledgeandtraditions,thecommunicationprocessmaynotworkaseffectivelyaswewouldlike. 

.

Whenweaddtheextradimensionofculturaldifference,theprocessbecomesevenmorecomplex.Thereisanevengreaterchanceofcommunicationbreakingdownnotonlybecauseofthelanguagecomplications,butalsobecauseofculturaldifferences.

QuestionsforDiscussion:

1.ComparethesetwocommunicationmodelswiththeonesinUnitl.Whatsimilaritiesordifferencesdo 

youfind?

Thesimilaritiesofthesetwodiagramsarethatbothofthemshowclearlythepatternofcommunicationwhichisbasicallythetransferofamessagefromonepersontoanotherandthatthereareatleastthreecomponentsinvolvedincommunication:

themessageitself,thenthesenderwhoencodesthemessageandfinallythereceiverwhodecodesthemessage.Thedifferenceslieinthefactthatdiagram1failstoillustrateclearlywhatareinvolvedinthecourseofthetransferringofthemessage,whichisshowninDiagram2.Diagram1doesnotgiveusanycluetoindicatethatinnormaleverydaycommunication,themessagedoesnotalwaystransferfromthesendertothereceiver,whichiscalledcommunicationbreakdown,whileDiagram2illustratessuchreasonsas“agedifference”,“boringmessage”,“emotionalstate”,“”verbalmessagedifferfromnonverbal”andsoonandsoforthasreasonscausingthecommunicationbreakdown.Forexample,ifafellowstudentspeakstoofast,Imaynotcatchwhatheissaying.OrifsomebodytalkstomeaboutEinstein’sTheoryofRelativitywhichisCreektome,thenIwillmissallthemessageinhisspeech.

2.Whydoyouthinksometimeswemayexperiencecommunicationbreakdown?

Anyway,wecanseefromthesetwodiagramsthatevenwhentwopeoplespeakacommonlanguageandshareacommonculture,thatistosay,inthemono-culturalcommunication,communicationbreakdownislikelytooccurformanyreasonsaslistedinDiagram2.Whenweaddtheextradimensionofculturaldifference,theprocessbecomesevenmorecomplex.That’swhyweoftensaythatcross-culturalcommunicationisariskybusiness,forincross-culturalcommunication,thereisnotonlythelanguageproblem,butalsotheculturaldifferences.

ReadingandDiscussionforUnit2

TheAmericansecretaryattheForeignStudentAffairsOfficealwayssmilesateveryforeignstudentwhovisitsthere.AyoungmanfromtheMiddleEastmisunderstandsthesmileandthinksthattheAmericanladyisinlovewithhim.Butonedayheranintoherinthestreetandgreetedher,yetshepassedbyasifshedidnotrecognizehim. 

Angrily,heaskedhisAmericanroommate:

“WhyareAmericanssuchhypocrites?

"

Hisroommatewassurprised."

Whydoyouthinkso?

'

1.WhydoyouthinktheyoungmanfromtheMiddleEastgotangry?

Trytoexplainitfromacross-culturalangle.

Weknowthattherearetwodefinitionsofasocialsituation.Oneistheofficialdefinitiongivenbythecommunity.Theotheristheparticipant’sdefinitiongivenbyacertainparticipant.Thetwotypesofdefinitionmaycoincideordiffer.Clearly,theAmericansecretaryattheForeignStudentAffairsOfficesmilesateveryforeignstudentwhovisitstheoffice.Sheunderstandsthissocialsituationwiththeofficialdefinition.Toher,theForeignStudentAffairsOfficeisthepublicplacewheresheworks.Itisherdutytodealwithaffairsconcerningforeignstudentssoshesmilesatthemtoshowherwillingnesstoofferhelpandalsotoshowherfriendlinessandgoodmanners.YettheyoungmanfromtheMiddleEastmistakeshersmilefor