自考现代语言学名词解释文档格式.docx

自考现代语言学名词解释文档格式.docx

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theairfromonepersontoanother.

AccordingtoKrashen,acquisitionrefersto

thegradualandsubconsciousdevelopmentofabilityin

thefirstlanguagebyusingitnaturallyindaily

communicativesituations.

Anacronymisawordcreatedbycombining

theinitialsofanumberofwords.Forexample:

UNESCO（UnitedNationsEducational,Scientificand

CulturalOrganization，CD-ROM（compactdiskof

read-only-memory）

morphemesmanifestingvariousgrammatical

relationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,

tense,degreeandcase.Affixesareoftwotypes:

inflectionalandderivational.Inflectionalaffixesmanifest

variousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategories,

suchas“-ing”,“-est”,whilederivationalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword,suchas“-ly”,

“dis-“,“un-“.

Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalled

theallophonesofthatphoneme.Forexample[l]and[l]

TheangulargyrusliesbehindWernicke’sarea.Theangulargyrusisthelanguagecenter

responsibleforconvertingavisualstimulusintoan

auditoryformandviceversa.Thisareaiscrucialforthe

matchingofaspokenformwithaperceivedobject,for

thenamingofobjects,andforthecomprehensionof

writtenlanguage,allofwhichrequireconnections

betweenvisualandspeechregions.

Antonymyreferstotherelationofoppositenessofmeaning（ondifferentdimensions）.

thedeletionofaword-finalvowelsegment.

Inanarrowsense,applied

linguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguistic

principlesandtheoriestolanguageteachingand

learning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecond

languages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplication

oflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpractical

problemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability.

Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnection

betweenmeaningsandsounds.Agoodexampleisthe

factthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesame

objectindifferentlanguages.

Itstudiesthespeechsoundsfrom

thehearer’spointofview.Itstudieshowthesoundsare

perceivedbythehearer.

Itisaprocessbywhichnewwordsare

formedbytakingawaythesupposedsuffixofanexisting

word.Forexample:

typewrite（typewriter）,edit（editor）

atheoryofpsychologywhich,whenappliedtofirstlanguageacquisition,

suggeststhatthelearner’sverbalbehavioris

conditionedorreinforcedthroughassociationbetween

stimulusandresponse.

ilingualismreferstoalinguisticsituationin

whichtwostandardlanguagesareusedeitherbyan

individualorbyagroupofspeakers,suchasthe

inhabitantsofaparticularregionoranation.

aprocessofforminganewwordbycombining

partsoftwowords.Forexample:

smog（smoke+fog）,

brunch（breakfast+lunch）

Boundmorphemesarethe

morphemeswhichcannotbeusedindependentlybut

havetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfree

orbound,toformaword.Forexample:

“-er”,“dis-“,

“-less”areallboundmorphemes.

thelocalizationofcognitiveandperceptualfunctionsinaparticularhemisphereofthe

brain.

thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly,i.e.oneletter-symbolforonesound.Thisisthe

transcriptionnormallyusedindictionariesandteaching

textbooks.

Itreferstothefrontallobeintheleftcerebralhemisphere,whichisvitaltolanguage.This

areaisdiscoveredbyPaulBroca,aFrenchsurgeon

andanatomist.

simple,modifiedspeechusedbyparents,baby-sitter,etc.whentheytalktoyoung

childrenwhoareacquiringtheirnativelanguage.

theoutsidesurfaceofthebrainwhichreceivesmessagesfromallthesensoryorgansand

wherehumancognitiveabilitiesreside.

AccordingtoLenneberg,priortotheendofthecriticalperiod,bothhemispheresare

involvedtosomeextentinlanguageandonecantake

overiftheotherisdamaged.Thisneurologicalflexibility

iscalledcerebralplasticity.

clippingisakindofabbreviationofotherwise

longerwordsorphrases.Forexample:

gym

（gymnasium）,zoo（zoologicalgarden）,fridge

（refrigerator）,e-mail（electronicmail）,hi-fi（high

fidelity）.

awordinonelanguagewhichissimilarinform

andmeaningtoawordinanotherlanguagebecause

bothlanguageshavedescendedfromacommon

source.

Whentwowordsareidenti