关于Android的外文文献Word下载.docx

关于Android的外文文献Word下载.docx

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Android:

AProgrammer’sGuide

1WhatIsAndroid

1.1KeySkills&

Concepts

●Historyofembeddeddeviceprogramming

●ExplanationofOpenHandsetAlliance

●FirstlookattheAndroidhomescreen

Itcanbesaidthat,forawhile,traditionaldesktopapplicationdevelopershavebeenspoiled.Thisisnottosaythattraditionaldesktopapplicationdevelopmentiseasierthanotherformsofdevelopment.However,astraditionaldesktopapplicationdevelopers,wehavehadtheabilitytocreatealmostanykindofapplicationwecanimagine.IamincludingmyselfinthisgroupingbecauseIgotmystartindesktopprogramming.

Oneaspectthathasmadedesktopprogrammingmoreaccessibleisthatwehavehadtheabilitytointeractwiththedesktopoperatingsystem,andthusinteractwithanyunderlyinghardware,prettyfreely（oratleastwithminimalexceptions）.Thiskindoffreedomtoprogramindependently,however,hasneverreallybeenavailabletothesmallgroupofprogrammerswhodaredtoventureintothemurkywatersofcellphonedevelopment.

NOTE：

Irefertotwodifferentkindsofdevelopersinthisdiscussion:

traditionaldesktopapplicationdevelopers,whoworkinalmostanylanguageandwhoseendproduct,applications,arebuilttorunonany“desktop”operatingsystem;

andAndroiddevelopers,JavadeveloperswhodevelopfortheAndroidplatform.Thisisnotforthepurposesofsayingoneisbyanymeansbetterorworsethantheother.Rather,thedistinctionismadeforpurposesofcomparingthedevelopmentstylesandtoolsofdesktopoperatingsystemenvironmentstothemobileoperatingsystemenvironment,

1.2BriefHistoryofEmbeddedDeviceProgramming

Foralongtime,cellphonedeveloperscomprisedasmallsectofaslightlylargergroupofdevelopersknownasembeddeddevicedevelopers.Seenasaless“glamorous”siblingtodesktop—andlaterweb—development,embeddeddevicedevelopmenttypicallygottheproverbialshortendofthestickasfarashardwareandoperatingsystemfeatures,becauseembeddeddevicemanufacturerswerenotoriouslystingyonfeaturesupport.

Embeddeddevicemanufacturerstypicallyneededtoguardtheirhardwaresecretsclosely,sotheygaveembeddeddevicedevelopersfewlibrariestocallwhentryingtointeractwithaspecificdevice.Embeddeddevicesdifferfromdesktopsinthatanembeddeddeviceistypicallya“computeronachip.”Forexample,consideryourstandardtelevisionremotecontrol;

itisnotreallyseenasanoverwhelmingachievementoftechnologicalcomplexity.Whenanybuttonispressed,achipinterpretsthesignalinawaythathasbeenprogrammedintothedevice.Thisallowsthedevicetoknowwhattoexpectfromtheinputdevice（keypad）,andhowtorespondtothosecommands（forexample,turnonthetelevision）.Thisisasimpleformofembeddeddeviceprogramming.However,believeitornot,simpledevicessuchasthesearedefinitelyrelatedtotherootsofearlycellphonedevicesanddevelopment.

Mostembeddeddevicesran（andinsomecasesstillrun）proprietaryoperatingsystems.Thereasonforchoosingtocreateaproprietaryoperatingsystemratherthanuseanyconsumersystemwasreallyaproductofnecessity.Simpledevicesdidnotneedveryrobustandoptimizedoperatingsystems.

Asaproductofdeviceevolution,manyofthemorecomplexembeddeddevices,suchasearlyPDAs,householdsecuritysystems,andGPSs,movedtosomewhatstandardizedoperatingsystemplatformsaboutfiveyearsago.Small-footprintoperatingsystemssuchasLinux,orevenanembeddedversionofMicrosoftWindows,havebecomemoreprevalentonmanyembeddeddevices.Aroundthistimeindeviceevolution,cellphonesbranchedfromotherembeddeddevicesontotheirownpath.Thisbranchingisevidentwhenyouexaminetheirarchitecture.

Nearlysincetheirinception,cellphoneshavebeenfringedevicesinsofarastheyrunonproprietarysoftware—softwarethatisownedandcontrolledbythemanufacturer,andisalmostalwaysconsideredtobea“closed”system.Thepracticeofmanufacturersusingproprietaryoperatingsystemsbeganmoreoutofnecessitythananyotherreason.Thatis,cellphonemanufacturerstypicallyusedhardwarethatwascompletelydevelopedin-house,oratleasthardwarethatwasspecificallydevelopedforthepurposesofrunningcellphoneequipment.Asaresult,therewerenoopenlyavailable,off-the-shelfsoftwarepackagesorsolutionsthatwouldreliablyinteractwiththeirhardware.Sincethemanufacturersalsowantedtoguardverycloselytheirhardwaretradesecrets,someofwhichcouldberevealedbyallowingaccesstothesoftwarelevelofthedevice,thecommonpracticewas,andinmostcasesstillis,tousecompletelyproprietaryandclosedsoftwaretoruntheirdevices.Thedownsidetothisisthatanyonewhowantedtodevelopapplicationsforcellphonesneededtohaveintimate