历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案43404Word文档格式.docx

历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案43404Word文档格式.docx

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（5）generation,ahypotheticalprocessbywhichlivingorganismsdevelopfromnonliving

matter.

ThemostpowerfulopponentofthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationwastheFrenchchemistandmicrobiologistLouisPasteur（1822-1895）.Pasteurshowedthatstructurespresentinaircloselyresemblethemicroorganismsseeninputrefyingmaterials.Hedid

（10）thisbypassingairthroughguncottonfilters,thefibersofwhichstopsolidparticles・After

theguncottonwasdissolvedinamixtureofalcoholandether,theparticlesthatithad

trappedfelltothebottomoftheliquidandwereexaminedonamicroscopeslide.Pasteur

foundthatinordinaryairtheseexistsavarietyofsolidstructuresranginginsizefrom

0.01mmtomorethan1.0mm・Manyofthesebodiesresembledthereproductive

（75丿structuresofcommonmolds,single-celledanimals,andvariousothermicrobialcells.

Asmanyas20to30ofthemwerefoundinfifteenlitersofordinaryair,andtheycould

notbedistinguishedfromtheorganismsfoundinmuchlargernumbersinputrefyingmaterials.Pasteurconcludedthattheorganismsfoundinputrefyingmaterialsoriginated

fromtheorganizedbodiespresentintheair.Hepostulatedthatthesebodiesareconstantly

（20丿beingdepositedonallobjects.

Pasteurshowedthatifanutrientsolutionwassealedinaglassflaskandheatedto

boilingtodestroyallthelivingorganismscontaminatingit,itneverputrefied.Theproponentsofspontaneousgenerationdeclaredthatfreshairwasnecessaryfor

spontaneousgenerationandthattheairinsidethesealedflaskwasaffectedinsomeway

（25丿byheatingsothatitwouldnolongersupportspontaneousgeneration.Pasteurconstructedaswan-neckedflaskinwhichputrefyingmaterialscouldheheatedtoboiling,butaircouldreenter・Thebendsintheneckpreventedmicroorganismsfromgettingintheflask..Materialsterilizedinsuchaflaskdidnotputrefy.

1,Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

（a）Pasteur'

sinfluenceonthedevelopmentofthemicroscope.

（b）Theoriginofthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.

（c）Theeffectsofpasteurizationonfood・

（d）PasteuFsargumentagainstthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.

2,Thephrase"

teemingwith"

inline2isclosestinmeaningto

（a）fullof

（b）developinginto

（c）resistantto

（d）hurtby

3,Whichofthefollowingquestionsdidthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationattempttoanswer?

（a）Whatistheoriginofthelivingorganismsareseenonsomefood?

（b）Howmanytypesoforganismscanbefoundonfood?

（c）Whatisthemosteffectivewaytopreparelivingorganismsformicroscopicexamination?

（d）Howlongcanfoodstandbeforeitputrefies?

4,Theword"

resemble^inline9isclosestinmeaningto

（a）benefitfrom

（b）appearsimilarto

（c）jointogetherwith

（d）growfrom

5.Thepurposeofthe"

guncotton^mentionedinparagraph2wasto

（a）trapparticlesforanalysis

（b）slowtheprocessofputrefaction

（c）increasetheairflowtothemicroscopicslide

（d）aidthemixingofalcoholandether

6.Theauthormention"

l.Omnfiiiline14indescribingthe

（a）thicknessofalayeroforganismsthatwasdepositedonanobject

（b）diameterofthefibersthatwereintheguncottonfilters

（c）thicknessofthemicroscopeslidesthatwereused

（d）sizeoftheparticlesthatthatwerecollected

7.Theword"

postiilated'

inline19isclosestinmeaningto

（a）analyzed

（b）doubted

（c）persuaded

（d）suggested

8.TheobjectsthatPasteutremovedfromtheairinhisexperimentwereremarkablebecausetheywere

（a）primarilysingle-celledorganisms

（b）nodifferentfromobjectsfoundinputrefyingmaterials

（c）fairlyrare

（d）abletoliveinamixtureofalcoholandether

9.Theword“it"

inline22refersto

（a）anutrientsolution

（b）aglassflask

（c）boiling

（d）spontaneousgeneration

10.Accordingtoparagraph3.proponentsofspontaneousgenerationbelievedthatwhichofthefollowingwasimportantfortheprocesstosucceed?

（a）Asealedcontainer

（b）Freshair

（c）Heat

（d）Thepresenceofnutrients

1l.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatPasteuremployedaswam-neckedflaskto

（a）storesterilizedliquidsforuseinfutureexperiments

（b）preventheatfrombuildingupinasolution

（c）disproveacriticismofhisconclusions

（d）estimatethenumberoforganismsinaliterofair

Questions12-20

IntheearlydecadesoftheUnitedStates,theagrarianmovementpromotedthefarmer

associety'

shero.Inthemindsofagrarianthinkersandwriters,thefarmerwasapersononwhosewell-b