英语四级真题及答案Word格式.docx
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vedoneithundredsoftimes."
Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.
PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)
WhyIntegrityMatters
WhatisIntegrity?
Thekeytointegrityisconsistency--notonlysettinghighpersonalstandardsforoneself(honesty,responsibility,respectforothers,fairness)butalsolivinguptothosestandardseachday.Onewhohasintegrityisboundbyandfollowsmoralandethicalstandardsevenwhenmakinglife'
shardchoices,choiceswhichmaybecloudedbystress,pressuretosucceed,ortemptation.
Whathappensifwelie,cheat,steal,orviolateotherethicalstandards?
Wefeeldisappointedinourselvesandashamed.Butalapseofintegrityalsoaffectsourrelationshipswithothers.Trustisessentialinanyimportantrelationship,whetherpersonalorprofessional.Whocantrustsomeonewhoisdishonestorunfair?
Thus,integritymustbeoneofourmostimportantgoals.
RiskyBusiness
Weareeachresponsibleforourowndecisions,evenifthedecision-makingprocesshasbeenunderminedbystressorpeerpressure.Therealtestofcharacteriswhetherwecanlearnfromourmistake,byunderstandingwhyweactedaswedid,andthenexploringwaystoavoidsimilarproblemsinthefuture.
Makingethicaldecisionsisacriticalpartofavoidingfutureproblems.Wemustlearntorecognizerisks,becauseifwecan'
tseetheriskswe'
retaking,wecan'
tmakeresponsiblechoices.Toidentifyrisks,weneedtoknowtherulesandbeawareofthefacts.Forexample,onewhodoesn'
tknowtherulesaboutplagiarismmayaccidentallyusewordsorideaswithoutgivingpropercredit,oronewhofailstokeepcarefulresearchnotesmayunintentionallyfailtoquoteandcitesourcesasrequired.Butthefactthatsuchaviolationis"
unintentional"
doesnotexcusethemisconduct.Ignoranceisnotadefense.
"
ButEverybodyDoesIt"
Mostpeoplewhogetintroubledoknowtherulesandfacts,butmanagetofoolthemselvesabouttherisksthey'
retakingbyusingexcuses:
"
Everyoneelsedoesit,"
I'
mnothurtinganyone,"
or"
Ireallyneedthisgrade."
Excusescangetveryelaborate:
IknowI'
mlookingatanother'
sexam,eventhoughI'
msupposedtokeepmyeyesonmyownpaper,butthat'
snotcheatingbecauseI'
mjustcheckingmyanswers,notcopying."
Wemustbehonestaboutouractions,andavoidexcuses.Ifwefoolourselvesintobelievingwe'
renotdoinganythingwrong,wecan'
tseetherealchoicewe'
remaking--andthatleadstobaddecisions.
Toavoidfoolingyourself,watchoutforexcusesandtrythistest:
Askhowyouwouldfeelifyouractionswerepublic,andanyonecouldbewatchingoveryourshoulder.Wouldyoufeelproudorashamedofyouractions?
Ifyou'
dratherhideyouractions,that'
sagoodindicationthatyou'
retakingariskandrationalizingittoyourself.
EvaluatingRisks
Todecidewhetherariskisworthtaking,youmustexaminetheconsequences,inthefutureaswellasrightnow,negativeaswellaspositive,andtoothersaswellastoyourself.Thosewhotakeriskstheylaterregretusuallyfocusonimmediatebenefits("
what'
sinitforme"
),andsimplyhaven'
tconsideredwhatmightgowrong.Theconsequencesofgettingcaughtareserious,andmayincludea"
0"
onatestorassignment;
an"
F"
intheclass;
suspensionordismissalfromschool;
transcriptnotation;
andatarnishedreputation.Infact,whenyoubreakaruleorlaw,youlosecontroloveryourlife,andgiveothersthepowertoimposepunishment:
youhavenocontroloverwhatthatpunishmentmightbe.Thisisanextremelyprecariousandvulnerableposition.Theremaybesomemattersoflifeanddeath,orhighestprinciple,whichmightjustifysucharisk,buttherearen'
tmanythingsthatfallinthiscategory.
GettingAwayWithIt--OrNot
Thosewhodon'
tgetcaughtpayanevenhigherprice.Acheaterdoesn'
tlearnfromthetest,deprivinghim/herselfofaneducation.Cheatingunderminesconfidenceandindependence:
thecheaterisafraud,andknowsthatwithoutdishonesty,he/shewouldhavefailed.Cheatingdestroysself-esteemandintegrity,leavingthecheaterashamed,guilty,andafraidofgettingcaught.Worstofall,acheaterwhodoesn'
tgetcaughtthefirsttimeusuallycheatsagain,notonlybecausehe/sheisfartherbehind,butalsobecauseitseems"
easier."
Thisslipperyslopeoferodingethicsandbiggerrisksleadsonlytodisaster.Eventually,thecheatergetscaught,andthelaterhe/shegetscaught,theworsetheconsequences.Studentshavebeendismissedfromschoolbecausetheydidn'
tgetthissimplemessage:
HonestyistheONLYpolicythatwor