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ABILITY–CAPABILITY
Icanswim.
IcouldswimwhenIwasfive.
PERMISSION
Youcangotothecinema.
IntheeveningswecouldwatchTV.
SUGGESTION
YoucouldgiveMarysomeflowers.Shallwebuyherahat?
POSSIBILITY
Measlescanbequitedangerous.Thisvasecouldbeveryvaluable.
Hemaybewaitingforusattheairport.Johnmightcometoyourparty.
WouldJohncomewithusifweaskedhim?
SPECULATION
HemayhavegonetoSpainwithMary.Someonemighthavealreadytoldhisfather.WhatwouldIhavedonewithoutyou?
Whereshall/willwebethistimenextyear?
a REQUEST
CanIgotothecinematonight?
Couldyoulendme£5,please?
MayIleavetheroom?
Wouldyoupleaseclosethedoor?
DEDUCTION-ASSUMPTION
Itcouldn’thavebeenJohnbecausehe’s
inLondon.
HedrivesaFerrari.Hemustberich.
OBLIGATION
Youmust/havetostudyharder!
IshouldbestudyingbutI’mtootired.
PROHIBITION
Youmustn’teatanymorechocolate.
Youshouldneverrepeatwhatyouhavejustsaid.
NECESSITY
Wemustbuysomemorevegetables.
Semi-modals(haveto/needto)areoftenpreferred.NOTNECESSARYusesdon’thavetoordon’tneedto/needn’t
Wedon’tneedtobuyanymore
vegetables.(Itisn’tnecessary)
ADVICEYoushouldgotothedoctor’s
tomorrow. .
Youmustgotothedoctor’stomorrow!
(emphaticadvice)
Semi-modalsandotherformsareoftenused.However,theysometimeschangethelevelofintensityoftheadvicegiven.
Yououghtto/hadbetter/haveto/......
IfIwereyouIwouldgotothedoctor’s.
Weusemodalverbstoexpress: