毕业设计外文文献翻译文档格式.docx

毕业设计外文文献翻译文档格式.docx

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学生姓名

班级

学号

指导教师

信息工程学院

1、外文文献

TheHistoryoftheInternet

TheBeginning-ARPAnet

TheInternetstartedasaprojectbytheUSgovernment.Theobjectoftheprojectwastocreateameansofcommunicationsbetweenlongdistancepoints,intheeventofanationwideemergencyor,morespecifically,nuclearwar.TheprojectwascalledARPAnet,anditiswhattheInternetstartedas.Fundedspecificallyformilitarycommunication,theengineersresponsibleforARPANethadnoideaofthepossibilitiesofan"

Internet."

Bydefinition,an'

Internet'

isfourormorecomputersconnectedbyanetwork.

ARPAnetachieveditsnetworkbyusingaprotocolcalledTCP/IP.Thebasicsaroundthisprotocolwasthatifinformationsentoveranetworkfailedtogetthroughononeroute,itwouldfindanotherroutetoworkwith,aswellasestablishingameansforonecomputerto"

talk"

toanothercomputer,regardlessofwhetheritwasaPCoraMacintosh.

Bythe80'

sARPAnet,justyearsawayfrombecomingthemorewellknownInternet,had200computers.TheDefenseDepartment,satisfiedwithARPAnetsresults,decidedtofullyadoptitintoservice,andconnectedmanymilitarycomputersandresourcesintothenetwork.ARPAnetthenhad562computersonitsnetwork.Bytheyear1984,ithadover1000computersonitsnetwork.

In1986ARPAnet（supposedly）shutdown,butonlytheorganizationshut

down,andtheexistingnetworksstillexistedbetweenthemorethan1000

computers.ItshutdownduetoafailiedlinkupwithNSF,whowantedto

connectits5countywidesupercomputersintoARPAnet.

WiththefundingofNSF,newhighspeedlinesweresuccessfullyinstalled

atlinespeedsof56k（anormalmodemnowadays）throughtelephonelines

in1988.Bythattime,therewere28,174computersonthe（bythendecided）Internet.In1989therewere80,000computersonit.By1989,therewere290,000.

Anothernetworkwasbuilttosupporttheincrediblenumberofpeople

joining.Itwasconstructedin1992.

Today-TheInternet

Today,theInternethasbecomeoneofthemostimportanttechnologicaladvancementsinthehistoryofhumanity.Everyonewantstoget'

online'

toexperiencethewealthofinformationoftheInternet.MillionsofpeoplenowusetheInternet,andit'

spredictedthatbytheyear2003everysinglepersonontheplanetwillhaveInternetaccess.TheInternethastrulybecomeawayoflifeinourtimeandera,andisevolvingsoquicklyitshardtodeterminewhereitwillgonext,ascomputerandnetworktechnologyimproveeveryday.

HOWITWORKS:

It'

sastandardthing.PeopleusingtheInternet.Shopping,playinggames,conversinginvirtualInternetenvironments.

TheInternetisnota'

thing'

itself.TheInternetcannotjust"

crash."

Itfunctionsthesamewayasthetelephonesystem,onlythereisnoInternetcompanythatrunstheInternet.

TheInternetisacollectionofmillioinsofcomputersthatareallconnectedtoeachother,orhavethemeanstoconnecttoeachother.TheInternetisjustlikeanofficenetwork,onlyithasmillionsofcomputersconnectedtoit.

ThemainthingabouthowtheInternetworksiscommunication.HowdoesacomputerinHoustonknowhowtoaccessdataonacomputerinTokyotoviewawebpage?

Internetcommunication,communicationamongcomputersconnectedtotheInternet,isbasedonalanguage.ThislanguageiscalledTCP/IP.TCP/IPestablishesalanguageforacomputertoaccessandtransmitdataovertheInternetsystem.

ButTCP/IPassumesthatthereisaphysicalconnecetionbetweenonecomputerandanother.Thisisnotusuallythecase.TherewouldhavetobeanetworkwirethatwenttoeverycomputerconnectedtotheInternet,butthatwouldmaketheInternetimpossibletoaccess.

Thephysicalconnectionthatisrequireedisestablishedbywayofmodems,phonelines,andothermodemcableconnections（likecablemodemsorDSL）.Modemsoncomputersreadandtransmitdataoverestablishedlines,whichcouldbephonelinesordatalines.Theactualhardcoreconnectionsareestablishedamongcomputerscalledrouters.

Arouterisacomputerthatservesasatrafficcontrollerforinformation.

Toexplainthisbetter,let'

slookathowastandardcomputermightviewawebpage.

1.Theuser'

scomputerdialsintoanInternetServiceProvider（ISP）.TheISPmightinturnbeconnectedtoanotherISP,orastraightconnectionintotheInternetbackbone.

2.TheuserlaunchesawebbrowserlikeNetscapeorInternetExplorerandtypesinaninternetlocationtogoto.

3.Here'

swherethetrickypartcomesin.First,thecomputersendsdataaboutit'

sdatarequesttoarouter.Arouterisaveryhighspeedpowerfulcomputerrunningspecialsoftware.Thecollectionofroutersintheworldmakewhatiscalleda"

backbone,"

onwhichallthedataontheInternetistransferred.Thebackboneprese