《语言学概论》重点Word下载.docx
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语言学
语言学定义;
研究语言的四大原则(穷尽、一致、简洁、客观);
语言学的基本概念(口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为);
普通语言学的分支(语音、音位、语法、句法、语义);
;
语言学的应用(语言学与语言教学、语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学)等。
第三章
语音学
发音器官的英文名称;
英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法;
语音学的定义;
发音语音学;
听觉语音学;
声学语音学;
元音及辅音的分类;
严式与宽式标音等。
第四章
音位学
音位理论;
最小对立体;
自由变异;
互补分布;
语音的相似性;
区别性特征;
超语段音位学;
音节;
重音(词重音、句子重音、音高和语调)等。
第五章
词法学
词法的定义;
曲折词与派生词;
构词法(合成与派生);
词素的定义;
词素变体;
自由词素;
粘着词素(词根,词缀和词干)等。
第六章
词汇学
词的定义;
语法词与词汇词;
变词与不变词;
封闭词与开放词;
词的辨认;
习语与搭配。
第七章
句法
句法的定义;
句法关系;
结构;
成分;
直接成分分析法;
并列结构与从属结构;
句子成分;
范畴(性,数,格);
一致;
短语,从句,句子扩展等。
第八章
语义学
语义的定义;
语义的有关理论;
意义种类(传统、功能、语用);
里奇的语义分类;
词汇意义关系(同义、反义、下义);
句子语义关系。
第九章
语言变化
语言的发展变化(词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化);
第十章语言、思维与文化
语言与文化的定义;
萨丕尔-沃夫假说;
语言与思维的关系;
语言与文化的关系;
中西文化的异同。
第十一章语用学
语用学的定义;
语义学与语用学的区别;
语境与意义;
言语行为理论(言内行为、言外行为和言后行为);
合作原则。
Questions&
AnswersonKeyPointsofLinguistics
1.1.Whatislanguage?
“Languageissystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Itisasystem,sincelinguisticelementsarearrangedsystematically,ratherthanrandomly.Arbitrary,inthesensethatthereisusuallynointrinsicconnectionbetweenawork(like“book”)andtheobjectitrefersto.Thisexplainsandisexplainedbythefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferent“books”:
“book”inEnglish,“livre”inFrench,inJapanese,inChinese,“check”inKorean.Itissymbolic,becausewordsareassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideasetc.bynothingbutconvention.Namely,peopleusethesoundsorvocalformstosymbolizewhattheywishtoreferto.Itisvocal,becausesoundorspeechistheprimarymediumforallhumanlanguages,developedor“new”.Writingsystemscamemuchlaterthanthespokenforms.Thefactthatsmallchildrenlearnandcanonlylearntospeak(andlisten)beforetheywrite(andread)alsoindicatesthatlanguageisprimarilyvocal,ratherthanwritten.Theterm“human”inthedefinitionismeanttospecifythatlanguageishumanspecific.
1.2.Whataredesignfeaturesoflanguage?
“Designfeatures”hererefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.Theyarearbitrariness,duality,productivity,displacement,culturaltransmissionandinterchangeability
1.3.Whatisarbitrariness?
By“arbitrariness”,wemeanthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds(seeI.1).Adogmightbeapigifonlythefirstpersonorgroupofpersonshaduseditforapig.Languageisthereforelargelyarbitrary.Butlanguageisnotabsolutelyseemtobesomesound-meaningassociation,ifwethinkofechowords,like“bang”,“crash”,“roar”,whicharemotivatedinacertainsense.Secondly,somecompounds(wordscompoundedtobeoneword)arenotentirelyarbitraryeither.“Type”and“write”areopaqueorunmotivatedwords,while“type-writer”islessso,ormoretransparentormotivatedthanthewordsthatmakeit.Sowecansay“arbitrariness”isamatterofdegree.
1.4.Whatisduality?
Linguistsrefer“duality”(ofstructure)tothefactthatinalllanguagessofarinvestigated,onefindstwolevelsofstructureorpatterning.Atthefirst,higherlevel,languageisanalyzedintermsofcombinationsofmeaningfulunits(suchasmorphemes,wordsetc.);
atthesecond,lowerlevel,itisseenasasequenceofsegmentswhichlackanymeaninginthemselves,butwhichcombinetoformunitsofmeaning.AccordingtoHuZhanglinetal.(p.6),languageisasystemoftwosetsofstructures,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeaning.Thisisimportantfortheworkingsoflanguage.Asmallnumberofsemanticunits(words),andtheseunitsofmeaningcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences(notethatwehavedictionariesofwords,butnodictionaryofsentences!
).Dualitymakesitpossibleforapersontotalkaboutanythingwithinhisknowledge.Noanimalcommunicationsystemenjoysthisduality,orevenapproachesthishonour.
1.5.Whatisproductivity?
Productivityreferstotheabilitytotheabilitytoconstructandunderstandanindefinitelylargenumberofsentencesinone’snativelanguage,includingthosethathasneverheardbefore,butthatareappropriatetothespeakingsituation.Noonehaseversaidorheard“Ared-eyedelephantisdancingonthesmallhotelbedwithanAfricangibbon”,buthecansayitwhennecessary,andhecanunderstanditinrightregister.Differentfromartisticcreativity,though,productivitynevergoesoutsidethelanguage,thusalsocalled“rule-boundcreativity”(byN.Chomsky).
1.6.Whatisdisplacement?
“Displacement”,asoneofthedesignfeaturesofthehumanlanguage,referstothefactthatonecantalkaboutthingsthatarenotpresent,aseasilyashedoesthingspresent.Ino