平狄克微观经济学英文版课件01优质PPT.pptx

平狄克微观经济学英文版课件01优质PPT.pptx

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1of18Copyright2013PearsonEducation,Inc.MicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,8e.1.1TheThemesofMicroeconomics1.2WhatIsaMarket?

@#@1.3RealversusNominalPrices1.4WhyStudyMicroeconomics?

@#@CHAPTER1Preparedby:

@#@FernandoQuijano,IllustratorPreliminariesCHAPTEROUTLINE2of18Copyright2013PearsonEducation,Inc.MicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,8e.microeconomicsBranchofeconomicsthatdealswiththebehaviorofindividualeconomicunitsconsumers,firms,workers,andinvestorsaswellasthemarketsthattheseunitscomprise.macroeconomicsBranchofeconomicsthatdealswithaggregateeconomicvariables,suchasthelevelandgrowthrateofnationaloutput,interestrates,unemployment,andinflation.3of18Copyright2013PearsonEducation,Inc.MicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,8e.CONSUMERSConsumershavelimitedincomes,whichcanbespentonawidevarietyofgoodsandservices,orsavedforthefuture.WORKERSWorkersalsofaceconstraintsandmaketrade-offs.First,peoplemustdecidewhetherandwhentoentertheworkforce.Second,workersfacetrade-offsintheirchoiceofemployment.Finally,workersmustsometimesdecidehowmanyhoursperweektheywishtowork,therebytradingofflaborforleisure.FIRMSFirmsalsofacelimitsintermsofthekindsofproductsthattheycanproduce,andtheresourcesavailabletoproducethem.TheThemesofMicroeconomics1.1Trade-Offs4of18Copyright2013PearsonEducation,Inc.MicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,8e.Microeconomicsdescribeshowpricesaredetermined.Inacentrallyplannedeconomy,pricesaresetbythegovernment.Inamarketeconomy,pricesaredeterminedbytheinteractionsofconsumers,workers,andfirms.Theseinteractionsoccurinmarketscollectionsofbuyersandsellersthattogetherdeterminethepriceofagood.PricesandMarkets5of18Copyright2013PearsonEducation,Inc.MicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,8e.TheoriesandModelsIneconomics,explanationandpredictionarebasedontheories.Theoriesaredevelopedtoexplainobservedphenomenaintermsofasetofbasicrulesandassumptions.Amodelisamathematicalrepresentation,basedoneconomictheory,ofafirm,amarket,orsomeotherentity.PositiveversusNormativeAnalysispositiveanalysisAnalysisdescribingrelationshipsofcauseandeffect.normativeanalysisAnalysisexaminingquestionsofwhatoughttobe.6of18Copyright2013PearsonEducation,Inc.MicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,8e.marketCollectionofbuyersandsellersthat,throughtheiractualorpotentialinteractions,determinethepriceofaproductorsetofproducts.marketdefinitionDeterminationofthebuyers,sellers,andrangeofproductsthatshouldbeincludedinaparticularmarket.arbitragePracticeofbuyingatalowpriceatonelocationandsellingatahigherpriceinanother.WhatIsaMarket?

@#@1.27of18Copyright2013PearsonEducation,Inc.MicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,8e.CompetitiveversusNoncompetitiveMarketsperfectlycompetitivemarketMarketwithmanybuyersandsellers,sothatnosinglebuyerorsellerhasasignificantimpactonprice.Manyothermarketsarecompetitiveenoughtobetreatedasiftheywereperfectlycompetitive.Othermarketscontainingasmallnumberofproducersmaystillbetreatedascompetitiveforpurposesofanalysis.Finally,somemarketscontainmanyproducersbutarenoncompetitive;@#@thatis,individualfirmscanjointlyaffecttheprice.8of18Copyright2013PearsonEducation,Inc.MicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,8e.MarketPricemarketpricePriceprevailinginacompetitivemarket.Inmarketsthatarenotperfectlycompetitive,differentfirmsmightchargedifferentpricesforthesameproduct.Thismighthappenbecauseonefirmistryingtowincustomersfromitscompetitors,orbecausecustomershavebrandloyaltiesthatallowsomefirmstochargehigherpricesthanothers.Themarketpricesofmostgoodswillfluctuateovertime,andformanygoodsthefluctuationscanberapid.Thisisparticularlytrueforgoodssoldincompetitivemarkets.9of18Copyright2013PearsonEducation,Inc.MicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,8e.MarketDefinitionTheExtentofaMarketextentofamarketBoundariesofamarket,bothgeographicalandintermsofrangeofproductsproducedandsoldwithinit.Marketdefinitionisimportantfortworeasons:

@#@Acompanymustunderstandwhoitsactualandpotentialcompetitorsareforthevariousproductsthatitsellsormightsellinthefuture.Marketdefinitioncanbeimportantforpublicpolicydecisions.Forsomegoods,itmakessensetotalkaboutamarketonlyintermsofveryrestrictivegeographicboundaries.Wemustalsothinkcarefullyabouttherangeofproductstoincludeinamarket.10of18Copyright2013PearsonEducation,Inc.MicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,8e.In1990,theArcher-Daniels-MidlandCompany（ADM）acquiredtheClintonCornProcessingCompany（CCP）.TheU.S.DepartmentofJustice（DOJ）challengedtheacquisitiononthegroundsthatitwouldleadtoadominantproducerofcornsyrupwiththep