文献综述 2.docx

文献综述 2.docx

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Catch一22；BlackHumor；TheAbsurd；Hippies

Catch一22isaclassicbookofblackhumor．Itissaid

thatCatch一22isoneofthebestnovelsin20century．An

AmericannovelistonceevaluatedCatch一22asan“antinovel

antiheroic”book．Actually，aswhattheauthorofthisnovel，

JosephHellerhimselfhassaidaboutthisbook，that，thoughit

wasanovelaboutwar．itsthemewasn’tonlyantiwar．Heller

addedthatwhathewantedtodiscloseinthisnove1wasthat

whattheAmericansocietyinl960swaslike，andthe

individualrelationshipinbureaucracyofthattime．

WhyCatch一22iss0famous?

Itisbecausethatthis

bookisthebeginningofthe“blackhumor”writings．“Black

humor'’referstothekindof“morbidandabsurdhumor”，

whichis“seekingfunfromcallousness”．Thecoreof“black

humor”isthattheauthorindicatesthetruthbyabsurdity．i．

e．disclosetherealworldbydistortedphenomena．Catch一22

iswidelyacceptedjustbecauseitexpressesonegeneration’s

worryanddespairabouttherealisticsociety，whichisfullof

darkness，uglinessandinjusticeaftertheSecondWorldWar，

andbecauseitshowsthisgeneration’scomplexpsychologyof

obtaining，andthisgeneration’ssomepsychologicalcomfort

fromhumorandsatire．

Thefollowingisabriefintroductionoftheplotof（h

一22．DuringWorldWarⅡ，thesoldierYessarianwas

stationedwithhisAirForcesquadronontheislandofPianosa，

neartheItaliancoastandtheMediferrancanSea，Heandhis

friendsenduredaniglatnlarish，absurdexistencedefinedby

bureaucracyandviolence：

theyareinhumanresourcesinthe

eyesoftheirhlindlyambiti,oussuperiorofficers．Thesquadron

wasthrownthoughtlessly，intobrutalcombatsituationsand

bombingsituationsandbombingrutlonwhichismore

importantforthemtOcaptui‘eag（x~daerialphotographofan

explosionthantodestroy"thcirtargets．Theircolonels

continuallyraisedthenumberofmissionstheywererequiredto

flybeforebeingsenthomesothat1looneiseversenthome．

StillnoonebutYo&,~arianseemedtorealizethattherewasa

wargoingon；everyollethoughthewascrazywhenheinsisted

thatnfillionsofpeopleweretryingtokillhim

Itisnecessarytoknowthehistoricalbackgroundof

Catch一22，whichishelpfulforunderstandingYossarian

wel1．IiiCat一22“infactsortiedetailsaboutthewarare

openbrrealisticthoughmanyaspectsofarmylifearewidely

distorted．But，aswellasthewar，thereareaspectsofpost—

war，peacetimeAmericantobediscernedl}eneaththe

seeminglymad‘elltSinthenoveIThepoliticalclimateof

thatperiodinfluenccsman）‘ofthecharactersandevents”．

JosephHeller，asensitive，idealisticandindividualisticman，

But,iwanttoanalysisABraveFai1ure——AnAnalysisofYossarianinC~atch

一22

wrotethenovelaftertheUnitedStateswithheralliesIladwon

thewar．Herdollars，atombombsandarmiescontrolledor

protectedhalftheworldbuthercitizenswerelittlecloserto

theAmericanDreamofequalityandlibertyforallpeople．

Here．inordertounderstandthisnovelwell，wemust

makeclearthatwhattheabsurdisItwastwoFrenchwriters

whofirstarticulatedwhatwasagenerally,feltmoodofatheism

aftertheSecondWorIdWar．JeanPaulSartre（1905—80）

andAlbertCamus（1913—60）bothexploredtheproblems

manisfacedwithwhenherealizesthatthereisnoGod．If

thereisnoultimateauthority，noafterlifeandthereforeno

salvation，thenallthatcanbesaidisthatthingsandweexist

inameaninglessuniverse．

JohnYossarian．theprotagonistofCatch一22wasboth

amemberofthesquadron’scommunityandalienatedbyit．

Althoughhefliedandlivedwiththemen，hewasmarkedasan

outsiderbythefactthatmanyofthementhoughthewent

insane．Hisdifferencefromtherestofthemenledustoexpect

somethingexceptionalfromYossarian．Hewastheonlyone

whoremainedmentallyclear—headedinthesquadronwhen

hislifewasthreatenedbydailyflyingmissions，butinothers

eyehewasinsane．Howstrangehissituationwas!

But

Yossarian’scharacteristicswerenotthoseofatypicalhero．

Hedidnotriskhislifetosaveothers；infact，hisprimarygoal

throughoutthenovelwastoavoidriskinghislifewhenever

possible．ButthesystemofvaluesaroundYossarianwasso

skewedthatthisapproachseemedtobetheonlytrulymoral

stancehecouldtake．ifonlybecauseitwansologica1．What

wecametohateaboutmilitarybureaucracyaswereadCatch

一22ishowillogicalitwas：

menwereaskedtorisktheirlives

againandagainforreasonsthatwereutterlyillogicaland

unimportant．Outofthisseaofantilogic，Yossarianwasable

toseizeandholdontoonetrue．1ogicalidea一一thatheshould

trytopreservelife．Unlikeaconventionalhero，however，

Yossariandidnotgeneralizethisideatomeanthatheshould

riskhisownli