大学思辨英语精读unit2sociologicalinvestigation参考答案Word文档格式.docx
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sampling,questionnaire,interview,close-endedquestions,open-endedquestions,codesheet,telephonesurvey
FieldResearch:
observation,participant
AnalysisofExistingData:
contentanalysis,statistics
(2)
Hawthorneeffect:
TheHawthorneeffect(alsoreferredtoastheobservereffect)isatypeofreactivityinwhichindividualsmodifyorimproveanaspectoftheirbehaviorinresponsetotheirawarenessofbeingobserved.TheoriginalresearchattheHawthorneWorksinCicero,Illinois,onlightingchangesandworkstructurechangessuchasworkinghoursandbreaktimeswereoriginallyinterpretedbyEltonMayoandotherstomeanthatpayingattentiontooverallworkerneedswouldimproveproductivity.Thisinterpretationwasdubbed“theHawthorneeffect”.
(3)(open)
TeachingSuggestion
Youcanusethedatabanksofthetwointernationalorganizationstocheckouttheworldoranyparticularcountry’sinformationintermsofGDP,population,territoryarea,humandevelopmentindexetc.
TheUnitedNations(:
datapage:
WorldBank(:
canalsousethewebsiteoftheStatisticalBureauofChinatocheckoutanystatisticalinformationaboutChina:
Reading
I.Understandingthetext
1.
Thesis:
HowSociologyIsDone(Researchmethods/techniquesemployedinsociology)
Part
Para(s).
Mainidea
IIntroduction
1
Sociologyasascienceanditsmainresearchmethods
IIHowdoyouknowwhatyouknow
2-9
Authority,tradition,religion,personalexperience,andmysticism.scientificmethods
IIITheexperiment
10-14
Itisaresearchtechniqueinwhichtheresearchermanipulatesastimulustotesttheoriesofcauseandeffect.
IVSurveyresearch
15-22
Itisusedanddesignedtostudysamplesinordertomeasureattitudes,beliefs,values,personalitytraits,andbehaviorofparticipants.
VFieldresearch
23-29
Itismostlyresemblesourdailycasualobservationsofandparticipationinsocialbehavior,aswellasourattempttounderstandsuchbehavior.
VIAnalysisofexistingdata
30-36
It’samethodinwhichsociologistsanalyzedataoriginallycollectedbyothers
VIIConclusion
37
Thesisrepeated:
Sociologyisasciencebecauseitusesscientificresearchmethods
2.
(1)“commonsense”:
Commonsenseisabasicabilitytoperceive,understand,andjudgethings,whichissharedby(“commonto”)nearlyallpeopleandcanreasonablybeexpectedofnearlyallpeoplewithoutanyneedfordebate.However,manyofthecommonsensebeliefsareactuallylackinginsupportfromscientificevidencesandthereforebiasedandprejudiced.
(2)Ordinarypeopleoftendefinetheirrealityandwhattheyknowthroughauthoritativeopinions,traditionalbeliefs,personalexperience,andmysticism(superstition).Themajordifferencesbetweenthiskindof“commonsense”viewknowledgeandtheresults/factsidentifiedthroughscientificmethodsare:
theformerarenotbasedonlogicalreasoningandhardevidencesandthereforetendtobesubjectiveandbiasedwhilethelatterarejustopposite.
(3)Thethreemajorcomponentsofthescientificmethodaretheory,operationalization,andobservation.Theoryprovidesthefoundationforconceptssothatstatementsabouttherelationshipamongvariablescanbecreated.Operationalizationallowsforthemeasurementofthevariablessothattheymaybeempiricallyexamined.Andobservationinvolvestheactualcollectionofdatatotestthehypothesis.
(4)
TypesofSocialPhenomena
Content
1.Meaningsandsymbols
Aspectsofculturesuchasnorms,worldviews,andlanguage
2.Practice
Variouskindsofbehaviorsuchasvotingbehaviorsormorningrituals(forexample,washingone’sfaceandreadingthedailynewspaper)
3.Episodes
Avarietyofevents,includingdivorce,crime,illness,andhowpeoplemayreactduringtimeofdisasters,suchasearthquakes,floods,orthebanningofmusictelevisionvideo(MTV)
4.Encounters
Twoormorepeoplemeetingandinteractinginimmediateproximitywithoneanother.Agoodexampleofthisispeopleridinginanelevator
5.Roles
Thepositionspeopleoccupyandthebehaviorassociatedwiththosepositions:
occupations,familyroles,ethnicgroups
6.Relationships
Thekindsofbehaviorshowninpairsorsetsofroles:
mother-daughterrelationships,friendships,andsoon.
7.Groups
Smallgroups,suchasgangs,athleticteams,andworkgroups.
8.Organizations
Formalorganizations,suchascorporationsoruniversities
9.Settlements
Smaller-scale“societies”suchasvillages,ghettos,andneighborhoods
(5)
Method&
briefdescription
Advantages
Disadvantages
Theexperimentisaresearchtechniqueinwhichtheresearchermanipulatesastimulus—theindependentvariable—totesttheoriesofca