超验主义Word文件下载.docx

超验主义Word文件下载.docx

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transcendentalism;

individualism;

influence;

development

摘要

超验主义（英文：

Transcendentalism，也叫“新英格兰超验主义”或者说“美国文艺复兴”）是美国的一种文学和哲学运动。

与拉尔夫·

沃尔多·

爱默生和玛格丽特·

富勒有关，它宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握。

领导人是美国思想家、诗人拉尔夫·

爱默生。

它兴起于1830年代的新英格兰地区，其领导人是美国思想家、诗人拉尔夫•沃尔多•爱默生，经过不断发展成为美国思想史上一次重要的思想解放运动。

超验主义强调人与上帝间的直接交流和人性中的神性，具有强烈的批判精神。

其社会目标是建立一个道德完满、真正民主自由的社会，表现了乌托邦式的理想色彩，其精神成为美国文化中一个重要遗产。

超验主义对于社会来说，不是在于人们做的事正确的或者错误的，而是在于社会所期待的和对于他们有益的事。

关键词：

超验主义；

个人主义；

影响；

发展

CONTENTS

CHAPTERⅠINTRODUCTION1

1.1ResearchBackground1

1.2SignificanceoftheResearch2

1.3ResearchMethodologies2

1.4OrganizationoftheThesis3

CHAPTERⅡLITERATUREREVIEW4

2.1OverseasStudies4

2.2DomesticStudies5

CHAPTERⅢTRANSCENDENTALISM7

3.1DefinitionofTranscendentalism7

3.2GrowthandDevelopment8

3.2.1TheGrowthBackground8

3.2.2TranscendentalismDevelopment8

3.3MajorConcepts9

3.4InfluenceonOtherMovement11

3.5Weaknesses12

CHAPTERⅣINDIVIDULISM13

CHAPTERⅤSOCIALANDPOLITICALCRITIQUES15

CHAPTERⅥCONCLUSION18

REFERENCES20

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS21

CHAPTERⅠINTRODUCTION

1.1ResearchBackground

Inthe19thcentury,romanticismprevailedastheliterarymainstreamthroughouttheEuropeancontinent.In1832RalphWaldoEmerson（1803-1882）,anAmericanUnitarianminister,lefttheministryforEuropetopursueacareerinwritingandpublicspeaking.ThereheacquaintedWordsworthandgotinfluencedbyhim.WhenhereturnedtoNewEngland,heaccomplishedhismasterpieceNature,inwhichhespeaksloudhislovefornatureandexplicateshisphilosophicalideasthatearnedhimthereputationastranscendentalism’smostseminalforce.Hisconceptionofnatureisadifferentandmorecomplexone,whichwecanseefromhispoemRhodora.Emersonholdsthatmanandnatureallcomefromthesamepower.Sophilosophically,thispoemshowsEmerson’stranscendentalismisakindofidealistmonism.AndhisNaturenotonlyincludesthecommonnature,butalsoincludesman’sbody.Emerson’sowestoGermanphilosophyandhisstrongindividualism.

Nowadays,intuitiveapprehensionsgivereligiouscertainty,notoftruthperse,butofexistence.Thetranscendentalistswereoptimisticabouthumannatureandfearedthepossibilityofphilosophicalanarchismornihilism.Theevangelicalsreferredtoscripture,thetranscendentalistsactivelyturnedtonaturewishingtobreakwiththeshackledofthepastandtoassertnewdirection.TheysawGodeverywheremanifestinnature,theepiphanyofmoralperfectionandtruth.Itemphasizedthesignificanceoftheindividualandbelievedthattheindividualwasthemostimportantelementinsocietyandthattheidealkindofindividualwasself-reliantandunselfish.Itheldthattherewasgreatnessinallhumanbeingsthatneededonlytobesetfree.Peopleshoulddependonthemselvesforspiritualperfection.Thetranscendentalisthadanuncompromisingconcernforindividual’smoraldevelopmentratherthanforsocialprogress.ThedignityoftheindividualremainsavitalpartofAmericancreedeventoday.

1.2SignificanceoftheResearch

TranscendentalismcanbebestunderstoodasasomewhatlateandlocalizedmanifestationofRomanticMovementinliteratureanditsphilosophyinvolvesthefollowingfiveparts:

thetriumphofintuitionoverfivesenses,theexaltationoftheindividualoversociety,thecriticalattitudetowardformalizedreligion,therejectionofanykindofrestraintorbondagetocustom,thenewandthrillingdelightinnature—allthesewereinsomemeasurecharacteristicoftranscendentalism.TheseideasalsoinspiredEnglishpoetsWordsworthandColeridgeaswellasmanyGermanidealistphilosophers.AsformulatedbyEmerson,transcendentalismbecameaclarioncalltoaction,exhortingyoungpeopletocastofftheirdeadeningenslavementtothepast,tofollowGodwithin,andtoliveeverymomentoflifewithstrenuousness,toregardnatureasthegreatobjectivelessonpro