专四语法总结Word格式文档下载.docx
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比较:
1'
lltellhimwhenyouringagain.语从句)
(2)在makesure,makecertain,see(toit)词用一般现在时代替将来时,如:
我告诉他你什么时候再来电
你再打电话时我告诉他。
(状
后的that从句中,谓语动
Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn'
tknowtheanswertolasttime.
(include不能用willinclude或其他形式)
2.完成时是时态测试的重点,注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语:
(1)by/between/upto/till+过去时间、since、bythetime/when+表示
过去发生情况的从句,主句用过去完成时。
如:
Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.
Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.
(表示1919年时已发生的情况)
(2)by+将来时间、bythetime/when+谓语动词是一般现在时的从句,主句用将来完成时。
BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.
Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.
(3)bynow、since+过去时间、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew(或
具体数字)years/days/months,主句用现在完成时,但在itis+具体时间since/before这一句型中,主句更多的时候不用完成时。
Thechangesthathadtakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.
ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.
(4)在Itisthe+序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中,谓语动词常用现在完成时。
Itisn'
tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.
(5)在nosooner…than…,hardly/scarcely…when••句型中,主句常用过
去完成时。
3.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。
Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,but
nothinghashappened.时态、语态答题思路:
(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态,然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语,缩小选择范围,进而选出正确答案;
(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系,确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。
二、不定式
1.不定式做主语
(1)引导逻辑主语的介词:
不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时,不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导:
absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrong。
Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.
It'
scleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.
(2)不定式做主语补足语:
掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。
注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间,并采用相应形式。
besaid/reported/thought/believed/known/supposed+todosth.
2.不定式做宾语掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词:
afford,arrange,attempt,claim,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,endeavor,intend,pledge,pretend,resolve,request,swear,tend,venture。
Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleep,thenurseswerenotdeceivedwhentheycameintotheroom.
3.不定式做定语
(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next,last,only,nota,the,very等限定词时,该名词用不定式做定语。
thefirstwomantosetfootonthemoon第一个登上月球的女性
(2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语,相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。
tendencytodoftendtodo,decisiontodofdecidetodo
ThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.
(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语,相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。
ambitiontodo“干的雄心”fbeambitioustodo“有雄心干”curiositytodo“对的好奇心”fbecurioustodo“对好奇”abilitytodo“做的能力”fabletodo“有能力做”
AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspecies'
abilitytosurvivearenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.
(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语,这些名词包括:
way,method,reason,time,place,chance,occasion,opportunity,evidence,power,right,movement,drive(运动),effort等。
IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus.
Weappreciateyoureffortstobringaboutacomprehensivesolutiontotheexistingproblem.
(5)不定代词something,nothing,little,much,alot习惯上用不定式做定语。
Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress,thereisstillmuchtobeimproved.
4.不定式做状语不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。
(1)inorderto(do),soasto(do)结构引导目的状语,soasto不能置于句首。
(2)so…asto,such…asto,enough…to,too…to结构做程度状语。
Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don'
thavesmallchildrenandgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.
ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.
(3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾,表示不愉快的结果,有时用only加强语气。
常见的不定式动词有find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。
Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofinditlocked.
(4)not/nevertoo…to,too…notto,but/onlytoo…to,too
ready/eager/apt/inclinedto表示肯定意义。
Iamonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.能再听到你的消息,
我太高兴了。
三、动名词
1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词:
acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,admit,confess,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,involve,justify,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,recall,recollect,risk,resist,suggest,tolerate。
Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.
2.