英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总Word格式.doc
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have/hasdone
will/shallhavedone
should/wouldhavedone用于虚拟语气
完成进行
hadbeendoing
have/hasbeendoing
2、被动形式
was/weregiven
am/is/aregiven
Will/shallbegiven
should/wouldbegiven
was/werebeinggiven
am/is/arebeinggiven
·
CET-4常考的三种时态:
过去完成时;
将来完成时;
(现在/过去)完成进行时。
时间状语从句当中的时态:
一般过去时 所有的过去
用 一般现在时 表示现在和将来
现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成
3、现在完成进行时态(have/hasbeen+-ing分词构成):
动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.
I’vebeenwritinglettersforanhour.I’vebeensittinginthegarden.
4、过去完成进行时(由hadbeen+ing分词构成):
过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作
Wehadbeenwaitingforherfortwohoursbythetimeshecame.
5、将来完成进行时:
将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.
Bynextsummer,hewillhavebeenworkingherefortwentyyears.
6、将来完成时(由shall/willhave+过去分词构成):
将来某时会业已发生的事.
Ishallhavefinishedthisonebeforelunch.
They’llhavehittheyear’stargetbytheendofOctober.
(二)语态
1、可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:
Hewassaidtobejealousofhersuccess.
Itwassaidthathewasjealousofhersuccess.
能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有:
assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等。
Itissupposedthattheshiphasbeensunk.Theshipissupposedtohavebeensunk.
2、担当besupposedto与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义。
Whyareyoudrivingsofastinthisarea?
Youaresupposedtoknowthespeedtoknowthespeedlimit.(你应该晓得速度限制)
3、双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态
1)双宾语结构的被动语态:
双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语。
Hewasaskedanumberofquestionsatthepressconference.
Twodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparations.
2)宾补结构的被动语态:
ShewascalledBigSisterbyeverybody.
4、短语动词
1)Vi.+adv.:
Theplanetookofftwohourslate.
2)Vi.+prep.:
TheylookedroundtheCathedral.
3)Vi.+prep.(有被动语态):
She’slookingafterhersister’schildren.
4)Vi.+adv.+prep.:
Ibegantolookforwardtotheirvisits.
5)Vt.+O+adv.:
Somewomenchoosetostayathomeandbringuptheirchildren.
Thechildrenwerebroughtupbytheirmother.
6)Vt.+adv.+O(无被动语态):
Iamtryingtogiveupsmoking.
7)Vt.+O+prep.:
WetalkedDonaldintoagreement.
(三)省略
1、在以as,than,when,if,unless等引导的从句中的省略:
在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是itb),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉.
1)Lookoutforcarswhencrossingthestreet.
Whentakenaccordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffects.
Ifnotwellmanaged,irrigationcanbeharmful.
Thoughreducedinnumbers,theygainedinfightingcapacity.
Hesaidthatnoacrobatcouldeverperformthosedaringfeatsunlesstrainedveryyoung.
Oncehavingmadeapromise,youshouldkeepit.
2)IfnecessaryI’llhavetheletterduplicated.
Asscheduled,theymetonJanuary20attheChineseEmbassy.
2、在以thana)或asb)引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.
1)Hetoldmenottousemorematerialthan(itis)necessary.
Weshouldthinkmoreofthecollectivethanofourselves.
2)Theyworkedwithasmuchenthusiasmasyoungpeople(did).
Heisnowavice-manager,butstilloftenworksinthekitchenasbefore.
Theirtrainingisfree,asisalleducation.
Wewill,asalways,standonyourside.
3、错误的省略
1)HislifeisasfullycommittedtobooksasanyoneIknow.
2)Whilestandingthereinhernightgown,twobulletsstruckthewallbesideher.
(四)一致
1、主谓一致(与插入语无关)
1)主谓的分隔原则:
主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略的定语从句分隔。
2)定语从句中的主谓一致
3)随前一致:
n.
+
together
with;
as
well
as;
including;
along
with
/
of;
accompanied
by
4)就近原则
5)如果主语表示的是同一个概念,同一人,同一事的时候,谓语动词用单数,这种结构的特征是and连接的两个词只有一个冠词。
Theironandsteelindustryisveryimportanttoourcountry.
Theheadmasterandmathematicalteacheriscoming.
Theheadmasterandthemathematicalteacherarecoming.
类似的还有:
law
and
order;
bread
and;
butter black
white;
To
love
to
be
loved
is
…;
A
lawyer
a
teacher
are…;
…
6)随后原则:
not
but
B
only
also
B+v.(与B一致)
7)百分比结构:
most,half,rest,some,majority,one+persent;
of+n1+v.(由n1决定)
8)倒装结构的主谓一致:
There
+n 由名词决定动词
Among
between等介词位于句首引起倒装结构:
Among
Between
…+系动词+n.
(由名词决定动词)
9)The+adj.的主谓一致:
当表示“一类人”
当表示某一抽象概念时。
例:
The
good
always
attractive.
10)To
do/doing/主从+vs.例:
More
than
one+n.;
many
+n.;
day
or
two
2、如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,morethan等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.
Terry,alongwithherfriend,goesskatingeverySaturday.
Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.
Thecaptain,aswellasthecoaches,wasdisappointedintheteam.
3、代词作主语时一致
1)each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词,作单数看待.
Eachofushassom