过去和完成时态资料及练习文档格式.docx
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I/You/We/Theyhaveseenthefilm.He/She/Ithasseenthefilm.
否定句:
I/You/We/Theyhavenot/haven’tseenthefilm.
He/She/Ithasnot/hasn’tseenthefilm.
疑问句:
HaveI/you/theyseenthefilm?
Yes,you/we/I/theyhave.No,you/we/I/theyhaven’t.
Hashe/she/itseenthefilm?
Yes,he/she/ithas.No,he/she/ithasn’t.
二、用法:
现在完成时既涉及过去,又联系现在。
用法一:
表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
常与just(刚刚),already(已经),never(从来没有),ever(曾经),before(以前),yet(仍然),once(一次),twice(两次),manytimes(很多次),howmanytimes(多少次),sofar(迄今为止),duringthepast(last)threeyears(最近三年来)等连用。
副词的位置:
①just常用于肯定句中,放在have/has后,Hehasjustcome.
②never表示否定,放在have/has后,HehasnevervisitedtheGreatWall.
③ever用于疑问句中,句型为:
Have/Has+主语+ever+过去分词?
“…曾经……过吗?
”用于询问某人过去的经历。
Haveyoueverbeentothefarm?
④before用于句末,Thewomanhasneverheardofthatbefore.
⑤yet用于句末或not之后.Hasthetrainarrivedyet?
No,notyet.
⑥already用于肯定句,have/has之后或句末.Wehavealreadyfinishedit.
⑦sofar用于句首或句末.Sofar,wehavevisitedthemoon.
用法二:
表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态。
时间状语有:
①
for+表示一段时间的词语IhavetaughtEnglishfor19years。
②
since+表示过去时间点的词语Hehasbeenatthisschoolsince1986.
③
since+表示过去的时间状语从句IhavelivedheresinceIwasborn.
④
since+一段时间+ago.Ihaveknownhimsince20yearsago.
三、现在完成时态中可以和表示一段时间状语(for,since,howlong,allone’slife)连用的动词必须是表示延续的情况或动作的动词,即延续性动词。
如:
be,have,know,live,work,study,learn,teach,keep,speak,talk,draw,wait,wear,walk,sleep,drive,write,do,clean等。
Ihavebeenateacherfornearly20years.Howlonghashelivedhere?
四、延续性动词的现在完成时可和包括“现在”在内的(到说话时仍未结束)表示一段时间的状语连用。
如thismorning,today,thisweek,thesedays
HehasbeentoBeijingthreetimesthisyear.Hehaswrittentwolettersthismorning.(说话时间在上午)Hewrotetwolettersthismorning.(说话时间在下午或晚上)
五、英语中还有一些动词的意义决定它们所表示的动作不能延续,只是一瞬间
就结束的动作,这类动词叫做“非延续性动词”,常见的有:
come,go,arrive,reach,see,hear,close,open,leave,begin,start,lose,buy,fall,join,die,getup,become,borrow,lend,find,finish,receive等。
这些动词可用于现在完成时,说明某个动作的结果还存在,但不能和表示一段时间的状语(howlong,for,since)连用。
Hehascomeback.(√)Hehascomebackfortwohours.(×
)
※
但在否定句中,非延续性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰,如
Ihaven’theardfrommyfatherforalongtime.Wehaven’tseenhimsince1999.
六、当终止性动词(非延续性动词)与表示一段时间的状语(howlong,since,for,allone’slife)相矛盾时,改正错句的方法有如下几种:
(1)用副词ago把现在完成时的句子改为一般过去时.
Hehascomebackfortwoweeks.(错)改为:
Hecamebacktwoweeksago.(正)
Ihavelostmybikefortendays.(错)改为:
Ilostmybiketendaysago.(正)
(2)用“Itis/hasbeen+时间+since+一般过去时态”句型来改写。
HehasjoinedtheLeaguefor3years.(错)Itis3yearssincehejoinedtheLeague.
Ihaveboughtthebookfor5days.(错)Itis5dayssinceIboughtthebook.(正)
Hehasdiedfor20years.(错)Itis20yearssincehedied.(正)
(3)用“时间+haspassed+since+一般过去时态”句型来改写。
Hehaslefthomefor20years.改为:
Twentyyearshaspassedsincehelefthome.
Hehaslosthispenfor2days.改为:
Twodayshaspassedsincehelosthispen.
(4)用系表结构来改写.
Hehasdiedfor20years.改为:
Hehasbeendeadfor20years.
Thefactoryhasopenedsince1999.改为:
Thefactoryhasbeenopensince1999.
Howlonghasheleft?
改为:
Howlonghashebeenaway?
(5)用相应的延续性动词替代非延续性动词。
Hehasboughtthebookfortwoweeks.改:
Hehashadthebookfortwoweeks.
常见的相应转换形式如下:
borrow/lend→keep,buy→have,finish/end→beover,arrive/come/go/move/reach/getto→bein/at/behere/bethere,begin/start→beon,open→beopen,close→beclosed,die→bedead,leave→beaway(from),gotoschool→beinschool/beastudent,getup→beup,fallasleep→beasleep,fallill→beill,gettoknow→know,lose→belost,become→be,return/comeback/getback→beback,join→bein/bea…member,jointhearmy→beinthearmy/beasoldier,receive/getaletter→havealetter,catch/getacold→haveacold,begintostudy→study,
他参军已有三年.Hehasjoinedthearmyforthreeyears.(错)改为:
Hehasbeeninthearmyforthreeyears/sincethreeyearsago.
Hehasbeenasoldierforthreeyears/sincethreeyearsago.
Hejoinedthearmythreeyearsago.
Itisthreeyearssincehejoinedthearmy.
Threeyearshaspassedsincehejoinedthearmy.
(1)Hecametoourvillagetwoyearsago.=Heourvillagesincetwoyearsago.
(2)Helefthomethreedaysago=Hehomefor3days.(3)Iboughtthewatch2weeksago=Ithewatchsince2weeksago.(4)Itis5dayssinceIborrowedthebook=Ithebookfor5days.(5)Thefilmhasbegun=Thefilmforhalfanhour.(6)Igottoknowhim10yearsago=Ihimfor10years.(7)Thereisafactory=Thereafactoryfor20years.
(8)Ourschoolopenedin1960=Ourschoolsince1960.
七、现在完成时中应注意的几个问题
1.havebeento和havegoneto的区别havebeento强调“去过”,现已不在那里