CausesofTragedyofTessoftheDUrbervilles.docx

CausesofTragedyofTessoftheDUrbervilles.docx

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CausesofTragedyofTessoftheDUrbervilles

CausesofTragedyofTessoftheD’Urbervilles

《德伯家的苔丝》悲剧成因探析

Abstract

ThomasHardywasafamouscriticalrealisticwriterattheturnofthe19thcenturyinEngland;TessoftheD’Urbervillesisthemostinfluentialoneofallhisworks.Thisnoveldescribesatragiclifeaboutonebeautifulandpuregirlafterdisgrace.Thearticledescribesthesocietyenvironment,thenbeginstoanalysisofcharacters’personalityandreligionfactorsopenoutatthattime.Tess’stragiclifeiscausedbythatsocietyandit’stheresultofthattime.Exceptthis,itcan’tbeseparatedfromherownweaknessincharacter,becausesheobviouslyhasthedualnatureofthesocietycharacter---resistanceandcompromise.Asacommonperson,Tessfoughtwiththesocietyhelplessly.Intheend,sheturnedouttobethesacrificialvictimofsocietylikeallotherthingswhichdisobeythemoralityandethic.

KeyWordsTess’sTragedy;SocialEnvironment;FamilyEnvironment;Moralethic;Character

摘　要托马斯．哈代是19世纪英国著名的批判现实主义作家，《德伯家的苔丝》是他最为有影响力的一部巨著。

该小说主要讲述了一个美丽纯真的少女失身后悲惨的命运。

文章通过对小说中社会环境的描写，再从人物性格和当时的宗教原因着手，由此揭露出苔丝悲惨的命运是那个社会所造成的，是一个时代思想，传统，秩序的局限所造成的结果。

除此之外,这与她自身性格的弱点也是分不开的，因为她对命运有着反抗的一面也有妥协的一面。

所以，作为普通人的苔丝与当时社会的抗争是无助的，最终会像所有一切与道德伦理相悖的事物一样，被沦为社会的牺牲品。

关键词苔丝的悲剧;社会环境;家庭环境；伦理道德;个体性格

Introduction

Tessofthed’UrbervillescanberegardedasoneofthegreatesttragediesinproseinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.ThoughHardymainlywritesaboutthecommoncountrypeopleinWessex,southwesternpartofEngland,heshowsgrandeuranddignityinhistragediessimilartowhatwefindinGreektragedyandhisgraveandelaboratestylecontributestothetragicsenseoflife.Hardyisremarkableforhistremendouspowerofproducingtragediescomparabletoclassictragedies.Tesswasapoorpeasantgirlwhowantedtorelyonherhandstopursuitindividualhappinessright,butthepowerforcesofsocietycan’tlettingoffaweakgirl,intheendcausedhertragedy.Inthisnovel,thegreatintensecounter-religion,anti-feudalmoral,counter-bourgeoisielawtendency，althoughmeetoppositionintheEnglishuppersociety,receivedlovingofthecommonreaders.ResearchthisnovelcanletusknowtheviewofmoralityandethicinthehypocriticalbourgeoisieintheBritainVictorianera,Tess’stragedyisduetothemoralrootofsocietyandthestableviewofwomenchastityinthesocietywhichmaleiscenter.InsharpoppositionthisviewwhenHardyguidingTess’sbehaveofmind,thecritiquespearpointreferssocietyandChristianchurchwhichprotectthisview.Wearefeelingthatimagingputwriter’sdiscussionintheBritainVictorianeramorethanonehundredyearsago,weamazingtheavant-gardemindofHardy,hemeltedthiskindofmindattimeswhenhecreateTessthischaracter,fromthatonlythenentrustswiththisimagericherconnotationandthemoreprofoundsocialcritique.ThisbookbecametheoneofthemostgreatworksinthelateofVictorianera,becauseitboldlyexposehypocriticalmoralintheCapitalistsocietyandcondemnedtheCapitalisminthelate19thcenturycausedimpoverishmentanddecayofsmallfarmersinruralEngland.

I.IntroductionofThomasHardyThomas

Hardy,（1840---1928）,oneoftherepresentativesofEnglishcriticalrealismattheturnofthe19thcentury,hewasalsoapoet;HeisfamousfornovelsofcharacterandEnvironment.HisbirthplacewasinacountrywhichnamedEgdonintheWestland;thisnaturalenvironmentformedthemainenvironmentintheHardy’swrites.Hisfatherwasastonecutter,butlikemusic,hisparentspaidmoreattentiononHardy’seducation.Inhischildhood,hereceivedtheeducationfortheology,butwhenhegrewup,heturnedtolearntheliterature.Hardyleftschoolbecameaarchitectsapprenticein1856.AndthenwenttoLondonbecameapostofthebuildingdraftsmanin1862，alsointhistimehetookadvancedcoursesforlanguageinLandonUniversityandbeganliteraturecreative.Hisliteraturecareerbeganwithpoetry,butduetonothavethegoodfortunetopublish,changedthematterfornovelcreation.Hisfirstlongnovelwaspublishedin1871,thecelebratedworkwashisfourthnovelFarmfromMaddingCrowdin1874,fromthenon,andhedroppedconstructionindustryanddevotedtothenovelcreationTherewereearly20longnovelsinHardy’slife,themostfamousnovelsareTessoftheD’Urbervilles（1891）,JudetheObscure（1895）,TheMayorofCascetbridge（1901）.Hardy’sworksreflectedthechangedofsocialeconomy,political,moralandtraditionwhenthehypocriticalbourgeoisieinvadedthecountriesinEngland,especiallyexposedwomen’stragiclifeandhypocrisyofbourgeoisiemorals,legalandreligious。

HisworksnotonlyinheritedthegreattraditionofEnglandrealism，butalsopioneeringthewayfor20thcenturyBritishliterature.

II.BackgroundoftheNovel

ThisstoryhappenedinthelateofBritainVictorianera，inthistime,Capitalistclasscontrolledallright,andthelawwereservicedforthem.Farmerswereatthebottleofthesociety,theyhadneverequalrightasthecapitalistclass.TessasawomanintheVictorianera，shecannotavoidedthe“Hegemony”fatherrightconsciousnessto“woman”natureunderstandingandseveresocialetiquette.Andthepatriarchalsocialsystemmadewomenlosttheirindependentstatus.Inthemaleconsciousness,BytheCapitalistinvasion，thoseSelf-reliantfarmerswhohadasmallamountoflandandthemeansofproductionhadfollowedtheinsolvency.Femalebeautynotonlyregardedasthe"Troubles"butalsobecomeanexcuseformentoshirktheircrime；Themalerequestsfemininetobeloyalandthebodilypureandchaste,actuallydisregardsownindulging.Butinundermalepowersuppression,femininethoughtpatternalsowascontrolledsolidlybythiskindofstrongtrendwasevenmelting.TessoftheD’UrbervilleswasaveryinfluentialworkofHardy,whichtoldthetragiclifestoryofabeautifulcountrygirl.Tesswasapoorpeasantgirl.SentbyhermothertoclaimkindredwithamoreprosperousbranchoftheD’Urbervillesfamily,shewasseducedbytheyoungmasterofthehouse,Alec,andhadtoreturnhomeindisgrace.Aftergivingbirthtoachildwhodiedininfancy,shewenttoworkaswage-laboreratadaisyfarmatTalbothays.ThereshemetAngelClare,asonofclergyman,andhefallinlovewithherandmarriedher.Ontheweddingnight,TessandClaretoldeachotherabouttheirpasts,andClare,afterhearingTess’sconfessionleftherabruptlyforBrazil.PovertyforcedTesstoseekforworkandsheworkedforalongtimeatacapitalistfarmatFlintcomb-Ashwhereshewasinsultedandoppressedbythemaster.Thenthenewsofherfather’sdeathandtheexpulsionofherfamilyfromtheircottagedrivedhertoseekforassistancefromAlec,andthelatter,nowapreacher,soonresumeshisformerillicitrelationswithher.AngelClarereturnedrepentantandreadytobereconciledtoTess,butthegirlfoundthatherlivingwithAlechindersherfromreturningtoClare.ShekilledAlecandthenwasspeedilyarrested,triedandhanged.

III.TwoDeepStratificationoftheTess’tragedyintheNovel

A.FamilyandSocietyCausedTess’sTragedy

1.FamilyBackgroundofTess

Atthebeginningofthenovel,Tesswasadaughterofpovertydescentwhichhadoncemagnificent.Shewasadairymaid,wholivedinthecountry,asadaisyonthevillageroadside,beautifulbuthumble,andbeingwithherfamilywasbrokenupanddecimatedsixtyyearsagobeforethestorybegan.Andasthewriterexpressemotion,“Normansdescent,notforthesupportofVictoria1800,thewealth,averyinconsequential!

”Distinguishedbackgrounddoesn’tbringanybenefitstoTess,buthertragiclifewasbegun.Tess’sfatherwasapoorcountrysidehawker,whohadthenaturaldispositionislazyandconstantlyexcessivedrinkingalsobenighted,Tess’smotherwasadairymaid,whosloppysuperstitionandmindsimply.Theywerepitifulcreaturewhochartadmiresthevanityandlistenedtodependonthetimewindandrainwillfullytodevastate.JustassuchterriblepatentsbecamethesetterofabadexampleofTess’stragedy.Inordertoshowedoffownso-called"aristocrat"statusandsatisfiedmerevanity,Tess’sparentswantedtoby"acknowledgesasrelatives","marries"toimproveownstatus.AlthoughTessobnoxiousparents’hypocrisy,despisednobleorigin,andpersistedthoughtoneselfispeasantfamilysdaughterwholivingonownlabor,butshewastheoldestinthefamily,parents’incompetentmadetheheavyburdenonherselfearly.Shelovedherlittlesistersandbrothersdeeplythatcannotcruelenoughtolookedtheysufferhardships.Unfortunately,whentheoldhorsediedwhatherfamilylivingonit,Tessgreatreluctanceobeyedtheaunttoassigntogoforshelterrichlyadulterationrelativewithsamesurname,intheresultshesuffereddevastating,becamethesacrificialvictimandtheConfucianismcriminalwhichthebeastwants.Afterwards,inordertoherfamilyTessforcedtoleavenativeplace,everywherethewoodenscoopanchors,experiencesthevicissitudes.Whenendofhillsandrivers,TesscamebacktoAlecagainforfamily,receivedinexchangeforfamilymemberswarmandsufficientconditionbyownhumanbody.TheGodgaveTessawomanofhighstationssoul,letshehasthefinedustdoesnotdye,unusualrefined,buttherealityactuallygavehertofallthesoulthefamilybackgroundthatmadeshegotridofbetweenthismortalworldincapablyallsortsoftroubled.ThiskindofspiritextremeisnotharmoniouswiththemeatcausedTess’stragicfate.

2.HypocriticalCapitalismMoralsViewandUnequalLegalSystem

TesswaslivedintheVictorianerawhichcapitalisminvasiontheruralEngland.Shewasahardworking,kind-hearte