英语语言学 框架知识 中文版教学文稿文档格式.docx
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Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学\Pragmatics语用学\Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Appliedlinguistics应用语言学
Prescriptivevs.descriptive规定性与描述性
Descriptive:
alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.
Prescriptive:
itaimslaydownrulesfor"
correct"
behavior.
Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive;
itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthentic,andmainlyspokendata.
Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;
itisbasedon"
high"
writtenlanguage
Synchronicvs.diachronic共时性与历史性
Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy
Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy
Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyseemstoenjoypriorityoverdiachronicstudy.
Speechandwriting口头语与书面语
Speechenjoyspriorityoverwritinginmodernlinguisticsstudyforthefollowingreasons:
(1)speechprecedeswritingintermsofevolution
(2)alargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechtaninwriting
(3)speechistheforminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguage
Languageandparole语言与言语
Languagereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity
Parolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse
Competenceandperformance能力与运用
Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealusers'
knowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage
Performance:
theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication
Whatislanguage?
什么是语言?
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication
Characteristicsoflanguage:
语言的特性
Languageisarule-governedsystem
Languageisbasicallyvocal
Languageisarbitrary(thefactdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.ThisconventionalnatureoflanguageiswellillustratedbyafamousquotationfromShakespeare'
splay"
RomeoandJuliet"
:
"
Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet."
)
Languageisusedforhumancommunication
Designfeaturesoflanguage语言的甄别特征
AmericanlinguistCharlesHockettspecified12designfeatures:
1)arbitrariness武断性
2)productivity创造性
3)duality二重性
4)displacement移位性
5)culturaltransmission文化传递性
二、音系学
语言的声音媒介
什么是语音学
发音器官
音标……宽式和严式标音法
英语语音的分类
音系学和语音学
语音、音位、音位变体
音位对立、互补分部、最小对立
几条音系规则
超切分特征
Twomajormediaofcommunication:
speechandwriting
Thelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunicationandareofinteresttolinguisticstudiesarethephonicmediumoflanguage.用于人类语言交际的声音称为语音,这些数目有限的一组语音构成了语言的声音媒介。
Phonetics语音学:
isdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;
itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'
slanguage.
Threebranchesofphonetics:
articulatoryphonetics发音语音学(mosthighlydeveloped),auditoryphonetics听觉语音学andacousticphonetics声学语音学
Organsofspeech发音器官
Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareasorcavities:
Thepharyngealcavity咽腔——thethroat
Theoralcavity口腔——themouth
Thenasalcavity鼻腔——thenose
Vibrationofthevocalcords(声带)resultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalled"
voicing"
浊音,whichisafeatureofallvowels元音andsomeconsonants辅音。
单词补充:
01)velum:
Thesoftpalate.软腭
02)uvula:
Asmall,conical,fleshymassoftissuesuspendedfromthecenterofthesoftpalate.小舌,悬雍垂悬垂在软腭中央的小的圆锥状肉块
03)larynx:
n.喉
04)vocalcord:
声带
05)membrane:
n.Athin,pliablelayeroftissuecoveringsurfacesorseparatingorconnectingregions,structures,ororgansofananimaloraplant.膜薄而柔软的组织层,覆盖在表面或分割连接各种区域、结构或动植物器官
06)thesoftpalate:
软腭
07)thehardpalate:
硬腭
08)theteethridge:
齿龈
09)alveolus:
Atoothsocketinthejawbone牙槽颚骨处的牙床
10)theteeth:
牙齿
11)thelips:
上下唇
12)bladeoftongue:
舌面
13)backoftongue:
舌根
14)pharyngealcavity:
咽腔
15)nasalcavity:
鼻腔
16)velar:
Articulatedwiththebackofthetonguetouchingornearthesoftpalate,as(g)ingoodand(k)incup.软腭音的用舌头后部挂触或靠近软腭清楚地发音的,如在good中的(g)以及在cup中的(k)
17)thetipofthetongue:
舌尖
18)theupperfrontteeth:
上齿
19)theroofofthemouth:
上颚
20)thelowerlip:
下唇
InternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)
Thevowels(monophthongsanddiphthongs)元音(单元音&
双元音)
Theconstants辅音
Broadtranscription:
transcriptionwithletter-symbolsonly.(indictionariesandteachingtextbooks)
用一个符号来表示一个语音的标音方式叫做宽式标音法,这种音标法常见于词典