外卖餐具外文翻译文献编辑Word下载.docx

外卖餐具外文翻译文献编辑Word下载.docx

《外卖餐具外文翻译文献编辑Word下载.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《外卖餐具外文翻译文献编辑Word下载.docx（13页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

Study,designandanalysisofsustainablealternativestoplastictakeawaycutleryandcrockery（塑料外卖餐具和器皿的可持续替代品的研究、设计和分析）

国外作者：

AMGautam，NCaetano

文献出处：

《EnergyProcedia》,2017,136:

507-512

字数统计：

英文1972单词，10294字符；

中文3385汉字

外文文献：

Study,designandanalysisofsustainablealternativestoplastictakeawaycutleryandcrockery

AbstractMostofthetakeawaymaterialsusedtodayismadeofplastic.Thispresentsahugechallengeintermsofwastemanagementandpollution.Itiswidelyknownthatplastictakesseveralhundredtothousandyearstodecompose,releasingtoxicsubstancesintheprocess.Therefore,theaimofthisworkwastoanalyzealternativestoplastictakeawaycutlery,crockeryfromarecapalmandcoconuttreebyproducts.ThisfocusesonrevivingthemethodsandknowledgethatexistedinthesouthernandcentralpartsoftheIndiansubcontinentformakingsustainablecutleryandcrockeryproductsusedineverydaylife.Amarketanalysis,design,lifecycleanalysisanddeeperresearchonthefabricationwillbebrieflypresented.

Keywords:

disposablecutleryandcrockery;

ecofriendlyproducts;

sustainablecutleryandcrockery.

1.Introduction

Inthelastfewdecades,theplasticindustryhastakenusbystormandmostthingsarepackedandprocessedinplasticcontainers.Oneofthemostimportantexampleisthatofthetake-awayindustryandofthedisposablecutlery/crockeryindustry.

Apartfrompolluting,plasticwasteisdangeroustotheenvironmentandcancauseadversehealthissues.Itisalsoclearthattheplasticwastepatchinthemiddleoftheoceanisposingabigthreattousintermsofecosystemandmicroplasticsaccumulation.

ItisestimatedthatbillionsofStyrofoamcoffeecupsarethrownawayeveryyear.Thehugeissuefacingusisrecyclability.Itisestimatedthatcloseto40billionindividualplasticutensilsareproducedeveryyear.About64billionpaperand73billionStyrofoam&

plasticcupsandplateswerethrownawayin2003intheUSA,single-usefood/drinkcontainersdisposalisatabout140,000eachsecond.Theseendupintheoceansandlandfills/dumpingsites.

Pera2009surveyconductedbyIPSOS,79%ofconsumerswouldratherbuyfromcompaniesdoingtheirbesttoreducetheirimpactontheenvironmentwithacompetitiveprice.Itisevidentthatarisingnumberofconsumersjudgeabusinessbasedonhowgreentheyfeelitis.Thispresentsahugeopportunityforestablishingasustainablesolution.ThisworkwillfocusonusingtheknowledgeofsustainableproductdesignandrawmaterialusagefromtheIndiansubcontinentandotherAsiancountries.

2.Rawmaterialsandextractionmethods

Thematerialsdiscussedformakingsustainabletake-awaycontainersareArecapalm（Arecacatechu）sheaths,Sal（ShorearobustaGaertn.f.）,leaves,Bauhiniavahliileaves,coconut（Cocosnucifera）fiber/coconutshellsandbananafibers（Musaacuminata））.Mostofthematerialisextractedmanually,hencetheenergyandtheimpactinvolvedisminimal.PalmArecasheaths,coconutsandSalleavesareprimarilyextractedbyhand.Extractingthefibersinvolvesdehusking,followedbynaturalrettingormechanicaldrawing.Mostenergyisspentintransportationmaterialsforprocessingandpeopleforextraction.

2.1.Arecanut

TheArecatreesarecultivatedextensivelyforbeetlenutproduction.Thesheaththatcovertheleavesareextractedbyhandandusedasabaseformakingseveralproductslikebags,plates,cupsandwrapping.Thesheathisattachedtotheleaves,oncecollectedtheyaregenerallydriedinshadetoremoveexcessmoistureandsentforprocessing.

2.2.Salleaves

Salforestscoverover11millionhainIndia,NepalandBangladesh,andtheseforestsareconventionallymanagedfortimber.DuringthepeakseasonofMaytoJuly,leavesarecollectedbytribalcommunities（Fig.1）.Onlytheleavesthatarematurearecollectedbyhandbythetribalcommunitiesintheforests,hencemakingtheprocesssustainable.Thepickedleavesarethensenttonearbyhomesforbeingstitched,orundergopressinginaheatedpressandsold.

Fig.1.（a）ExtractedArecapalmsheaths;

（b）AtribalwomanpickingSalleaves;

（c）BundledSalleavesforplates

2.3.Coconutfibres

Coconutsthatfallorpickedcoconutscanbeusedtoextractfibre,greencoconutsthatarepickedarethebestformakingfibrecoir.Theouterlayerscoveringthecoconutseedareprocessedandspunintofibrescommonlyknownascoir（Fig.2）.Ripecoconutsarehuskedimmediately,butunripecoconutsmaybeseasonedforamonthbyspreadingtheminasinglelayeronthegroundandkeepingthemdry.Toremovethefruitfromtheseed,thecoconutisimpaledonasteel-tippedspiketosplitthehusk.Thehuskisthensentforrettingorfibredrawingorpressing.

2.4.Coconutshell

Oncethenutsaredehusked,waterandwhitesareextractedfromthenuts,theycanbe