湖南版英语《高考专题辅导》专题检测卷二十七 阅读理解Word文档格式.docx
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阅读理解
(建议用时:
25分钟)
A
体裁
议论文
话题
性格和行为的成因
词数
369
(2013·
潍坊模拟)
Peoplehavewonderedforalongtimehowtheirpersonalitiesandbehaviorsareformed.It’snoteasytoexplainwhyonepersonisintelligentandanotherisnot,orwhyoneiscooperativeandanotheriscompetitive.
Socialscientistsare,ofcourse,extremelyinterestedinthesetypesofquestion.Theywanttoexplainwhywepossesscertaincharacteristicsandexhibitcertainbehaviors.Therearenoclearanswersyet,buttwodistinctschoolsofthoughtonthematterhavedeveloped.Asonemightexpect,thetwoapproachesareverydifferentfromeachother,andthereisagreatdealofdebatebetweenproponentsofeachtheory.Theargumentisoftenconvenientlyreferredtoasnaturevs.nurture.
Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalandgeneticfactors.Thatourenvironmenthaslittle,ifanything,todowithourabilities,characteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheory.Takentoanextreme,thistheorymaintainsthatourbehaviorispredetermined(注定)tosuchagreatdegreethatwearealmostcompletelygovernedbyourinstincts(本能).
Proponentsofthe“nurture”theory,or,astheyareoftencalled,behaviorists,claimthatourenvironmentismoreimportantthanourbiologicallybasedinstinctsindetermininghowwewillact.Behavioristsseehumansasbeingswhosebehaviorisalmostcompletelyshapedbytheirsurroundings.Theirviewofthehumanbeingisquitemechanistic;
theymaintainthat,likemachines,humansrespondtoenvironmentalstimuli(somethingthathelpssb./sth.todevelopbetterandmorequickly)asthebasisoftheirbehavior.
Thesocialandpoliticalconnectionsofthesetwotheoriesaresignificant.IntheUnitedStates,forexample,blacksoftenscorebelowwhitesonstandardizedintelligenttest.Thisleadssome“nature”proponentstoconcludethatblacksaregeneticallyworsethanwhites.Behaviorists,incontrast,saythatthedifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksareoftenrobbedofmanyoftheeducationalandotherenvironmentaladvantagesthatwhitesenjoy,andthat,asaresult,theydonotdevelopthesameresponsesthatwhitesdo.
Neitherofthesetheoriescanyetfullyexplainhumanbehavior.Infact,itisquitelikelythatthekeytoourbehaviorliessomewherebetweenthesetwoextremes.Thattheargumentwillcontinueforalongtimeiscertain.
1.Theauthorismainlyconcernedaboutsolvingtheproblem .
A.whyourpersonalitiesandbehaviorsdiffer
B.whatmakesdifferentstagesofintelligence
C.howsocialscientistsformdifferenttheories
D.whatcausesthe“nature/nurture”argument
2.Theunderlinedword“proponents”canbestbereplacedby .
A.approachesB.advocates
C.principlesD.characters
3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsmaybesupportedbythe“nature”school?
A.Wearebornwithcertainpersonalitiesandbehaviors.
B.Environmenthasnothingtodowithourpersonalities.
C.Abilitiesandcharacteristicsareshowedbybehaviors.
D.Onlyextremebehaviorsaredeterminedbyinstincts.
4.Whatcanwelearnaboutthebehaviorists?
A.Theybelievehumanbeingsaremechanical.
B.Theycompareourbehaviorstothemachines.
C.Theysuggestthatwereacttotheenvironmentasthemachinesdo.
D.Theyagreethatthemechanistictheorycanbeappliedonusaswell.
5.The“nature”theoristsbelievethattheblacks’lowscores .
A.aretheresultoftheeducationaldisadvantages
B.areadisplayoftheblacks’poorintelligence
C.havenothingtodowiththeirtrueintelligence
D.havenothingtodowithfactorsotherthanheredity
B
教育孩子
291
Whenachildistoldheis“uncool”,itcanbeverypainful.Hemaysayhedoesn’tcare,andevenactinwaysthatareoppositeofcoolonpurpose.Butthesearesimplywaystohandlesadnessbypretendingit’snotthere.
Helpingachildfeelbetterinschoolhadtobecareful.Ifyousay,“Whyareyouworriedaboutwhatotherchildrenthinkaboutyou?
Itdoesn’tmatter!
”Childrenknowthatitdoesmatter.Instead,anactivewaymaybebest.Youcouldsay,“I’mgoingtodoacoupleofthingsforyoutohelpyoufeelbetterinschool.”
Ifaboyishavingtroublemakingfriends,theteachercanhelphim.Theteachercanarrangethingssothathehaschancestousehisabilitiestocontributetoclassprojects.Thisishowtheotherchildrenlearnhowtovaluehisgoodqualitiesandtolikehim.Ateachercanalsoraiseachild’spopularityinthegroupbyshowingthathevaluesthatchild.Itevenhelpstoputhiminaseatnexttoaverypopularchild,orlethimbeapartnerwiththatchildinactivities,etc.
Therearethingsth