语言学名词解释Word文档下载推荐.docx

语言学名词解释Word文档下载推荐.docx

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1.Languageisascientificsystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

2.Minimalpairsarethewordformswhichdifferfromeachotheronlybyonesound.Inotherwords,whentwodifferentformsreidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentthatoccursinthesameplaceinthestring;

thetwowordsarecalledminimalpairs.

3.Amorphemeisthesmallestlinguisticunitthatcarriesgrammaticaland/orsemanticmeaning.

4.IPA:

Aphonetictranscriptionisaneconomicalmeansforcapturingsoundsonpaper,thatis,amethodofwritingdownspeechsoundsinasystematicandconsistentway.Thebest-knownsystem,theInternationalPhoneticAlphabet（IPA）,hasbeendevelopingsince1888.

5.SLA:

secondlanguageacquisitiontorefertotheprocessofacquiringorlearninganadditionallanguageafterthelearnerhasacquiredhisorhermothertongue.

6.Linguisticsisthescienceoflanguageforallhumansocieties,andisdefinedasthesystematicstudyoflanguage.

7.Diachronicstudy:

thedescriptionofthehistoricaldevelopmentofalanguage.Linguisticstudyinthe19thcenturywasprimarilyconcernedwiththediachronicdescription.

8.Synchronicstudy:

thedescriptionofaparticularstateofalanguageatasinglepointoftime.Thepriorityofsynchronicdescriptionisacharacteristicofmosttwentieth-centurylinguistictheories.

9.Syntagmaticrelation:

therelationsbetweenunitswhichcombinetoformsequences

10.Paradigmaticrelation:

oppositionswhichproducedistinctandalternativeterms

11.Competencereferstotheknowledgethatnativespeakershaveoftheirlanguageassystemofabstractformalrelations.Thatistheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.

12.Performancereferstowhatwedowhenwespeakorlisten,thatis,theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinutterances.

13.Acorpusreferstoacollectionoflinguisticdata,eithercomplicatedaswrittentextsorasatranscriptionofrecordedspeech.

14.Aphonetictranscriptionisaneconomicalmeansforcapturingsoundsonpaper,thatis,amethodofwritingdownspeechsoundsinasystematicandconsistentway.

15.Phonemeistheminimumphonemicunitthatisnotfurtheranalyzableintosmallerunits.Itisthebasicunitinphonologicalanalysis.

16.Soundpatternsrefertothesetofsoundsthatoccurinagivenlanguage,thepermissiblearrangementsofthesesoundsinwords,andtheprocessesforadding,deleting,orchangingsounds.

17.Stressisthepronunciationofawordorsyllablewithmoreforcethanthesurroundingwordsorsyllables.

18.Pitchisasuprasegmentalqualitywhichextendsoverindividualsegmentsandlongerstretchesofspeech.

19.Inflectionreferstotheprocessofaddinganaffixtoawordorchangingitinsomeotherwayaccordingtotherulesofthegrammarofalanguage.

20.Proverbsarenormallyintheformofasentence.Aproverbisoftenashortsentencethatpeopleoftenquoteandusetogiveadviceandstatesomegeneralhumanlifeexperienceandproblem.

21.Synonymy:

wordsorexpressionswiththesameorsimilarmeaningaresaidtobesynonymy.

22.Homonymyreferstocaseswherelexemeswiththesamephonologicalormorphologicalshapehavedifferentmeanings.

23.aspeechact：

Anactionperformedbytheuseofanutterancetocommunicateiscalledaspeechact.

24.Dialectreferstoanyregional,socialorethnicvarietyofalanguage.

25.Registerreferstothefunctionalvarietyoflanguagethatisdefinedaccordingtoitsuseincontext.Registersvaryaccordingtothethreeparametersofcontext:

field,tenorandmode（Halliday,1978）.

26.Languageplanningreferstoadeliberateattempt,usuallyatthelevelofthestateorgovernmentadministration,toaffectlanguageuseinordertopreventortosolvesomeproblemsofcommunication.

27.Hyponymyisusedtorefertoaspecific—generalsemanticrelationshipbetweenlexicalitems.

1.Whatisthescopeoflinguistics?

Answer:

therearesixbranchesoflinguistics.1）Phoneticsisthestudyofhumanspeechsounds.2）Phonologyisthestudyofsoundpatterning.3）Morphologyisthestudyoftheinternalstructuresoftheformofwords.4）Syntaxisthestudyofsentencestructure.5）Semanticsisthestudyofmeaning.6）Pragmaticsstudieshowspeakersuselanguageinwayswhichcannotbepredictedfromlinguisticknowledgealone.

2.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenLangueandParole?

PleaseanalysisthedistinctionsofLangueandParole.

Answer:

ThisdistinctionisproposedbySaussureinhisCourseinGeneralLinguistics.

Langue:

theabstractsystem;

acollectivebodyofknowledge;

akindofcommonreferencemanual;

acquiredbyallmembersofacommunityofspeakers;

relat