六级阅读理解100篇文本文档格式.docx

六级阅读理解100篇文本文档格式.docx

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Becausethegamerequireslogicalreasoning,chesswouldseemtobeperfectlysuitedtothecomputer.allaprogrammerhastodoisgivethecomputeraprogramevaluatingtheconsequencesofeverypossibleresponsetoeverypossiblemove,andthecomputerwillwineverytime.Intheorythisisasensibleapproach;

inpracticeitisimpossible.Today,apowerfulcomputercananalyze40000movesasecond.Thatisanimpressivespeed.Butthereareanastronomicalnumberofpossiblemovesinchess—literallytrillions.Evenifsuchaprogramwerewritten（andintheoryitcouldbe,givenenoughpeopleandenoughtime）,thereisnocomputercapableofholdingthatmuchdata.

Therefore,ifthecomputeristocompeteatchampionshiplevels,itmustbeprogrammedtofunctionwithlessthancompletedata.Itmustbeabletolearnfromexperience,tomodifyitsownprogramm,todealwitharelativelyunstructuredsituation—inaword,to“think”foritself.Infact,thiscanbedone.Chess-playingcomputershaveyettodefeatworldchampionchessplayers,butseveralhavebeatenhumanplayersofonlyslightlylowerranks.Thecomputershavehadprogramstocarrythemthroughtheearly,mechanicalstagesoftheirchessgames.Buttheyhavegoneonfromtheretoreasonandlearn,andsometimestowinthegame.

Thereareotherproofsthatcomputerscanbeprogrammedtolearn,butthisexampleissufficienttodemonstratethepoint.Granted,winningagameofchessisnotanearthshakingeventevenwhenacomputerdoesit.Buttherearemanyserioushumanproblemswhichbanbefruitfullyapproachedasgames.TheDefenseDepartmentusescomputerstoplaywargamesandworkoutstrategiesfordealingwithinternationaltensions.Otherproblems—internationalandinterpersonalrelations,ecologyandeconomics,andtheever-increasingthreatofworldfamine—canperhapsbesolvedbythejointeffortsofhumanbeingsandtrulyintelligentcomputers.

Notes

check:

agameplayedonacheckerboardbytwoplayers,eachusing12pieces

ecology:

therelationshipbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironment生态关系，生态学

Readingcomprehension

Thepurposeofcreatingchess-playingcomputersis__________

Atowintheworldchesschampion

Btopavethewayforfurtherintelligentcomputers

Ctoworkoutstrategiesforinternationalwars

Dtofindanaccurateyardstickformeasuringcomputerprogress

2Today,achess-playingcomputercanbeprogrammedto________

Agivetrillionsofreponsesinasecondtoeachpossiblemoveandwinthegame

Bfunctionwithcompletedataandbeatthebestplayers

Clearnfromchess-playingintheearlystageandgoontowinthegame

Devaluateeverypossiblemovebutmayfailtogivetherightresponseeachtime

3Foracomputerto“think”,itisnecessaryto________

Amangetoprocessasmuchdataaspossibleinasecond

Bprogramitsothatitcanlearnfromitsexperiences

Cprepareitforchess-playingfirst

Denableittodealwithunstructuredsituations

4Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheDefenseDepartmentis____

AcriticalBunconcernedCpositiveDnegative

5Intheauthor’sopinion,______

Awinningachessgameisanunimportantevent

Bserioushumanproblemsshouldn’tberegardedasplayingagame

Cecologicalproblemsaremoreurgenttobesolved

Dthereishopeformoreintelligentcomputers

1b2c3b4c5d

　　　　　　　　　　　　　YouCallThisaGoodEconomy

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　这能称之为上佳经验

Youhavetohavelivedinthe1950sand1960stohaveexperiencedagoodeconomy.Intheperiodbetween1950and1970itwastherule—ratherthantheexception—thatanordinaryfamily,withouthighereducation,couldsustainitselfdecentlyontheincomeofasinglebreadwinner（养家糊口的人）.In1955,whenIwas19andlivinginBrooklyn,N.Y.,myfather,whohadasixth-gradeeducation,maintainedourfamilyoffiveonawageof$82aweekasabookbinder.Mymothertaughtusfairnessandcompassion;

myfather,disciplineandenterprise.

TheU.S.economyinthoseyearswasgood.Thenwheredidthisgoodeconomygo?

Itwasinflatedaway.Thepriceofgold,whichItakeasproxyforthepricesofallgoods,was$35anounceinthoseyears.Itisatroughlytentimesthatpricetoday.

Thereisanotheranswer,though:

inflationcausedtheentireworkforcetobemovedintohighertaxgroups,thusreducingafter-taxpurchasingpower.Thatis,myfather’sbinderyjobin1954paid$82aweek,with$80afterdeductions;

today,at$820perweekthenetwouldbe$662.

Toordinarypeople,theeconomydoesn’tlookverygoodatall.After-taxincomescontinuetodecreaseinpurchasingpower.Thejobsofferedintheemploymentad