六级阅读理解100篇文本文档格式.docx
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Becausethegamerequireslogicalreasoning,chesswouldseemtobeperfectlysuitedtothecomputer.allaprogrammerhastodoisgivethecomputeraprogramevaluatingtheconsequencesofeverypossibleresponsetoeverypossiblemove,andthecomputerwillwineverytime.Intheorythisisasensibleapproach;
inpracticeitisimpossible.Today,apowerfulcomputercananalyze40000movesasecond.Thatisanimpressivespeed.Butthereareanastronomicalnumberofpossiblemovesinchess—literallytrillions.Evenifsuchaprogramwerewritten(andintheoryitcouldbe,givenenoughpeopleandenoughtime),thereisnocomputercapableofholdingthatmuchdata.
Therefore,ifthecomputeristocompeteatchampionshiplevels,itmustbeprogrammedtofunctionwithlessthancompletedata.Itmustbeabletolearnfromexperience,tomodifyitsownprogramm,todealwitharelativelyunstructuredsituation—inaword,to“think”foritself.Infact,thiscanbedone.Chess-playingcomputershaveyettodefeatworldchampionchessplayers,butseveralhavebeatenhumanplayersofonlyslightlylowerranks.Thecomputershavehadprogramstocarrythemthroughtheearly,mechanicalstagesoftheirchessgames.Buttheyhavegoneonfromtheretoreasonandlearn,andsometimestowinthegame.
Thereareotherproofsthatcomputerscanbeprogrammedtolearn,butthisexampleissufficienttodemonstratethepoint.Granted,winningagameofchessisnotanearthshakingeventevenwhenacomputerdoesit.Buttherearemanyserioushumanproblemswhichbanbefruitfullyapproachedasgames.TheDefenseDepartmentusescomputerstoplaywargamesandworkoutstrategiesfordealingwithinternationaltensions.Otherproblems—internationalandinterpersonalrelations,ecologyandeconomics,andtheever-increasingthreatofworldfamine—canperhapsbesolvedbythejointeffortsofhumanbeingsandtrulyintelligentcomputers.
Notes
check:
agameplayedonacheckerboardbytwoplayers,eachusing12pieces
ecology:
therelationshipbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironment生态关系,生态学
Readingcomprehension
Thepurposeofcreatingchess-playingcomputersis__________
Atowintheworldchesschampion
Btopavethewayforfurtherintelligentcomputers
Ctoworkoutstrategiesforinternationalwars
Dtofindanaccurateyardstickformeasuringcomputerprogress
2Today,achess-playingcomputercanbeprogrammedto________
Agivetrillionsofreponsesinasecondtoeachpossiblemoveandwinthegame
Bfunctionwithcompletedataandbeatthebestplayers
Clearnfromchess-playingintheearlystageandgoontowinthegame
Devaluateeverypossiblemovebutmayfailtogivetherightresponseeachtime
3Foracomputerto“think”,itisnecessaryto________
Amangetoprocessasmuchdataaspossibleinasecond
Bprogramitsothatitcanlearnfromitsexperiences
Cprepareitforchess-playingfirst
Denableittodealwithunstructuredsituations
4Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheDefenseDepartmentis____
AcriticalBunconcernedCpositiveDnegative
5Intheauthor’sopinion,______
Awinningachessgameisanunimportantevent
Bserioushumanproblemsshouldn’tberegardedasplayingagame
Cecologicalproblemsaremoreurgenttobesolved
Dthereishopeformoreintelligentcomputers
1b2c3b4c5d
YouCallThisaGoodEconomy
这能称之为上佳经验
Youhavetohavelivedinthe1950sand1960stohaveexperiencedagoodeconomy.Intheperiodbetween1950and1970itwastherule—ratherthantheexception—thatanordinaryfamily,withouthighereducation,couldsustainitselfdecentlyontheincomeofasinglebreadwinner(养家糊口的人).In1955,whenIwas19andlivinginBrooklyn,N.Y.,myfather,whohadasixth-gradeeducation,maintainedourfamilyoffiveonawageof$82aweekasabookbinder.Mymothertaughtusfairnessandcompassion;
myfather,disciplineandenterprise.
TheU.S.economyinthoseyearswasgood.Thenwheredidthisgoodeconomygo?
Itwasinflatedaway.Thepriceofgold,whichItakeasproxyforthepricesofallgoods,was$35anounceinthoseyears.Itisatroughlytentimesthatpricetoday.
Thereisanotheranswer,though:
inflationcausedtheentireworkforcetobemovedintohighertaxgroups,thusreducingafter-taxpurchasingpower.Thatis,myfather’sbinderyjobin1954paid$82aweek,with$80afterdeductions;
today,at$820perweekthenetwouldbe$662.
Toordinarypeople,theeconomydoesn’tlookverygoodatall.After-taxincomescontinuetodecreaseinpurchasingpower.Thejobsofferedintheemploymentad