博士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题Word格式文档下载.docx

博士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题Word格式文档下载.docx

《博士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题Word格式文档下载.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《博士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题Word格式文档下载.docx（13页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

2.1–70题答案请填在机读卡上相应处，否则不给分。

3.翻译和作文写在答题纸上，写在试题上无效。

中、英文翻译应做到字迹清晰、书写工整。

I.ReadingComprehension（30%;

onemarkeach）:

PassageOne

TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise，market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Privatebusinessmen，strivingtomakeprofits，producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen；

andtheprofitmotive，operatingundercompetitivepressures，largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.Thus，intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers，coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes，thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.

　　Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.IntheAmericaneconomy，thismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystem，aprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsuppliesofferedbyseller-producers.Iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelativetothedemand，thepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminatedfromthemarket.If，ontheotherhand，producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost，thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers，whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.Thus，priceistheregulatingmechanismintheAmericaeconomicsystem.

　　Theimportantfactorinaprivate-enterpriseeconomyisthatindividualareallowedtoownproductiveresources（privateproperty），andtheyarepermittedtohirelabor，gaincontrolovernaturalresources，andproducegoodsandservicesforsaleataprofit.IntheAmericaneconomy，theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights，includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.

1.InPara.1，“thedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes”means___.

A.Americansneverfeelsatisfiedwiththeirincomes.

B.Americanstendtooverstatetheamountoftheirincomes.

C.Americanswanttohavetheirincomesincreased.

D.Americanswanttoincreasethepurchasingpoweroftheirincomes.

2.Thefirsttwosentencesinthesecondparagraphclarifytheideatousthat___.

A.producerscansatisfytheconsumersbymechanizedproduction.

B.consumerscanexpresstheirdemandsthroughproducers.

C.producersdecidethepricesofproducts.

D.supplyanddemandregulateprices.

3.Theword“embraces”inPara.3probablyparallels___.

A.enfold

B.hug

C.comprehend

D.support

4.Accordingtothepassage，aprivate-enterpriseeconomyischaracterizedby___.

A.privatepropertyandrightsconcerned.

B.manpowerandnaturalresourcescontrol.

C.ownershipofproductiveresources

D.freecontractsandprices.

5.Thepassageismainlytalkingabout___.

A.howAmericangoodsareproduced.

B.howAmericanconsumersbuytheirgoods.

C.howAmericaneconomicsystemworks.

D.howAmericanbusinessmanmaketheirprofits.

PassageTwo

Theconflictbetweengoodandevilisacommonthemerunningthroughthegreatliteratureanddramaoftheworld,fromthetimeoftheancientGreekstoallthepresent.Theprinciplethatconflictistheheartofdramaticactionwhenillustratedbyconcreteexamples,almostalwaysturnsupsomeaspectofthestrugglebetweengoodandevil.

　　Theideathatthereisneithergoodnorevil--inanyabsolutemoralorreligioussense―iswidespreadinourtimes.Therearevariousrelativisticandbehavioristicstandardsofethics.Ifthesestandardsevenadmitthedistinctionbetweengoodandevil,itisasarelativematterandnotaswhirlwindofchoicesthatliesatthecenterofliving.Inanysuchstateofmind,conflictcanatbest,beonlyapettymatter,lackingtrueuniversality.Theactsoftheevildoerandofthevirtuousmanalikebecomedramaticallyneutralized.ImaginethereducedeffectofCrimeandPunishmentorTheBrothersKaramazoc,hadDostoevskythoughtthatgoodandevil,asportrayedinthosebooks,werewhollyrelative,andifhehadhadnoconvictionaboutthem.

　　Youcan'

thaveavitalliteratureifyouignoreorshunevil.WhatyougetthenistheworldofPollyanna,goody-goodyinplaceofthegood.Cry,TheBelovedCountryisagreatanddramaticnovelbecauseAlanPaton,inadditiontobeingaskilledworkman,seeswithcleareyesbothgoodandevil,differentiatesthem,pitchesthemintoconflictwitheachother,andtakessides.Heseesthatthe