古英语和中世纪英语.docx

古英语和中世纪英语.docx

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古英语和中世纪英语

第一章　古英语时期和中世纪时期的英国文学考点

1。

TheOldEnglishpoetrycanbedividedintotwogroups:

thereligiousgroupandthesecularone.TheBibleconsistsoftheOldTestamentandtheNewTestament。

Beowulf《贝尔武夫》，atypicalexampleofOldEnglishpoetry，isregardedasthegreatestnationalepicoftheAnglo—Saxons.TheepicdescribestheexploitsofaScandinavianhero,Beowulf,infightingagainstthemonsterGrendel，hisrevengefulmother，andafire-breathingdragoninhisdecliningyears.Whilefightingagainstthedragon,Beowulfwasmortallywounded.However,hekilledthedragonatthecostofhislife.Beowulfisshownnotonlyasagloriousherobutalsoasaprotectorofthepeople。

2。

RomanceisapopularliteraryforminthemedievalEngland.Itsingsknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeeds。

Chivalry（suchasbravery，honor，generosity，andkindnesstotheweakandpoor）isthespiritofromance。

3.JohnGoweristheauthorofSirGawainandtheGreenKnight，thebestromanceoftheperiod。

WilliamLanglandisamorerealisticwriterwhodealtwiththereligiousandsocialissuesofhisdayinPiersPlowman《农夫皮尔斯》。

4。

GeoffryChauceristhegreatestwriterofMiddleAges。

HismasterpieceTheCanterburyTales《坎特伯蕾故事集》presents，forthefirsttimeinEnglishliterature，acomprehensiverealisticpictureofthemedievalEnglishsocietyandcreatesawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflife。

In“TheCanterburyTales",Chaucerdevelopedhisartofpoetrystillfurthertowardsdramaandtheartofthenovel。

InTroilusandCriseyd,hegavetheworldwhatisvirtuallythefirstmodernnovel.ChaucerwroteinMiddleEnglishanddidmuchinmakingLondondialectthefoundationformodernEnglishlanguage。

Thoughessentiallystillamedievalwriter，Chaucerboremarksofhumanismandanticipatedaneweratocome.Asaforerunnerofhumanism,hepraisesman’senergy,intellect，quickwitandloveoflife.Histalesexposedandsatirizedtheevilsofhistime。

Thesetalesattackedthedegenerationofthenoble，theheartlessnessofthejudge，thecorruptionofthechurch,etc。

Inhisworks，hedevelopedhischaracterizationtoahigherlevelbypresentingcharacterswithbothtypicalqualitiesandindividualdispositions.“TheWifeofBath"isafamoustaleinwhichtheheroineisdepictedasthenewbourgeois。

Takingthestandoftherisingbourgeoisie,heaffirmsmenandopposesthedogmaofasceticismpreachedbythechurch。

ChaucerintroducedfromFrancerhymedstanzasofvarioustypesintoEnglishpoetrytoreplacetheOldEnglishalliterativeverse。

ItwashewhousedforthefirsttimeinEnglishtherhymedcoupletofiambicpentameterthatwaslatercalledthe“heroiccouplet”.TheChaucer'sreputationhasbeensecurelyestablishedasoneofthebestEnglishpoetsforhiswisdom，humor，andhumanity。

JohnDrydencalledChaucerthefatherofEnglishpoetry。

第二章文艺复兴时期的英国文学考点

1.Renaissancereferstothetransitionalperiodfromthemedievaltothemodernworld。

ItfirststartedinItalyinthe14thcentury，lastingintothe17thcentury.TheRenaissancemeansrebirthorrevival.ItwasmarkedbyahumanisticrevivalofancientRomanandGreekclassicsexpressedinafloweringoftheartsandliteratureandbythebeginningsofmodernscience。

HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance。

TheEnglishRenaissancedidnotbeginuntilthereignofHenryVIII。

ItwasusuallyregardedasEngland’sGoldenAge，especiallyinliterature.AmongtheliterarygiantswereShakespeare,Spenser,Johnson，Sidney，Marlowe，BaconandDonne，andJohnMiltonwasthelastgreatpoetoftheEnglishRenaissance。

TherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissanceistheElizabethandrama。

2.HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance。

Itemphasizesthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife.Humanistsvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmanwasthecenteroftheuniverseandmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthepresentlife，buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders。

3.PetrarchwasregardedasthefountainheadofliteraturebytheEnglishwriters。

WyattintroducedthePetrarchansonnetintoEngland.Surreybroughtinblankverse（无韵体诗）,i.e。

theunrhymediambic（抑扬格的）pentameter（五音步的）line。

4。

Renaissancedrama:

theElizabethandramaistherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance.EnglishdramaswereinfluencedbytheGreekandRomanclassics.ThomasKydwrotetheearliestpopulartragedyofbloodandrevenge,TheSpanishTragedy.ThemostfamousdramatistsintheRenaissanceEnglandareChristopherMarlowe，WilliamShakespeare，andBenJohnson。

ElizabethandramareacheditspeakinShakespeare’sworks。

Shakespeare’scompassionateunderstandingofthehumanfatehasperpetuatedhisgreatnessandmadehimtherepresentativefigureofEnglishliteratureforthewholeworld。

FrancisBaconwasthefirstimportantEnglishessayist。

Hewasthefounder