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;
biennial
stems
are
still
but
5
-
foliolate,
called
slap"
has
twoopposite
compound
years
living,
called
two
Jia
Zi"
fouryears
living
to
3
whorled,
pinnately
compound,
lamp
table"
five
4
four
horse
leaves;
sixannual
Top
whorled
leaf
stems,
horse
leaves"
.Ginseng
leavespalmate,
flocculus
3-5
piece,
between
nearly
equal,
small
leaf;
leaveselliptic
slightly
obovate,
4-15
cm
long,
2-6.5
cm
wide,
apex
acuminate,
base
cuneate,
margin
serrulate,
above
veins
scattered
a
few
setae,
below,
glabrous,
leaflets
1
next
very
small,
no
petiole.
Ginseng
flower
in
summer,
umbel
single
students
Ye
Congzhong,
peduncle
to
30
4-40
more
than
flowers
per
inflorescence,
pedicel
c
A.0.5
cm.
Bracts
linear
lanceolate;
calyx
bell
shape,
healing
and
ovary,
lobes
5,
green;
petals
5,
ovate,
entire,
stamens
filaments
short;
pistil
1,
below
2
rooms,
styles
2,
connate
proximally
upper
separation.Ginseng
berryoblate,
mature
fresh
red,
within
semicircular
seed
形态特征人参是多年生宿根草本,人参主根高30-60厘米,肥厚,肉质,黄白色,圆柱形或纺锤形,下面稍有分枝;
根状茎(芦头)短,直立。
人参茎直立,圆柱形,不分枝;
一年生植株茎顶只有一叶,叶具三小叶,俗名“三花”;
二年生茎仍只一叶,但具5小叶,叫“巴掌”;
三年生者具有二个对生的5小叶的复叶,叫“二甲子”;
四年生者增至3个轮生复叶,叫“灯台子”;
五年生者增至4个轮生复叶,叫“四匹叶”;
六年生者茎顶有5个轮生复叶,叫“五匹叶”。
人参复叶掌状,小叶3-5片,中间3片近等大,有小叶柄;
小叶片椭圆形或微呈倒卵形,长4-15厘米,宽2-6.5厘米,先端渐尖,基部楔形,边缘有细锯齿,上面脉上散生少数刚毛,下面无毛,最下1对小叶甚小,无小叶柄。
人参夏季开花,伞形花序单一顶生叶丛中,总花梗长达30厘米,每花序有4-40余花,小花梗长约0.5厘米。
苞片小,条状披针形;
萼钟形,与子房愈合,裂片5,绿色;
花瓣5,卵形,全缘,淡黄绿色;
雄蕊5,花丝短;
雌蕊1,子房下位,2室,花柱2,上部分离,下部合生。
人参浆果扁圆形,成熟时鲜红色,内有两粒半圆形种子。
Growth
Environment
growth
January
an
average
temperature
-23-5℃
the
July
20-26
℃
climate
conditions,
cold
resistant,
resistant
-40
degrees
Celsius
temperature,
suitable
growth
15-25
The
general
conditions
for
accumulated
2000-3000
frost
free
period
is
125-
150days,
snow
20-44
500-1000
mm
precipitation
place,
likes
cold
humid
climate.Like
slanted
diffuse
light,
avoid
strong
light
and
high
temperature.Soil
requirements
good
drainage,
loose,
fertile
soil,
humus
layer
deep
brown
forest
soil
mountain
podzolic
forest
pH
value
should
be
5.5-6.2.
Like
climate,
direct
sunlight,
resistance.Seeds
can
dried
storage,
embryo
morphological
physiological
post
ripening
characteristics;
former
requires
20-10
latter
2-4
time
required
each
3-4
months,
germination
did
not
complete
seed
ripening.The
strict
soil
requirements,
rich
organic
matter,
permeability
sandy
loam
cultivation,
continuous
cropping.
生长环境人参多生长在具有1月平均温度-23-5℃,7月平均温度20-26℃的气候条件下,耐寒性强,可耐-40℃低温,生长适宜温度为15-25℃。
一般生长在气候条件为年积温2000-
3000℃,无霜期125-150天,积雪20-44厘米,年降水500-1000毫米的地方,人参喜冷凉湿润气候。
喜斜射及漫射光,忌强光和高温。
土壤要求为排水良好、疏松、肥沃、腐殖质层深厚的棕色森林土或山地灰化棕色森林土,土的pH值5.5-6.2为宜。
喜寒冷、湿润气候,遇强光直射,抗寒力强。
种子可阴干贮藏,种胚有形态后熟和生理后熟特性;
前者要求20-10℃变温,后者需要2-4℃低温,需时各为3-4个月,没有完成后熟的种子不能发芽。
对土壤要求严格,宜在富含有机质,通透性良好的砂质壤土、腐殖质壤土栽培,忌连作。
Chemical
composition
Root
contains
ginsenosides
0.4%,
amount
volatile
oil.The
main
ingredients
oil
ene
(panacen,
C15H24)
0.072%.It
was
reported
that
isolated
from
saponins:
saponins
A,
B,
C,
D,
E
F
(panaxosideA,
E,
F)
like.Ginsenosides
A
(C42H72O14)
as
Rg1
(ginsenosideRg1)
.After
produce
B
C
hydrolysis
Panaxatriol
(panaxatriol)
sapogenin,
F
after
20-
meter
panaxadiol
(20-epiprotopanaxo-diol)
sapogenin.But
also
low-boiling
fraction
ether
extract
β
-elemene
(β
-
elemene,
.Partial
separation
boiling
panaxynol
(panaxynol,
C17H26O)
.Further
monosaccharides:
glucose,
fructose,
sucrose,
all
trisaccharide:
Glucose
Fructose
trimeric
Fructose,
acid
(palmitic
acid,
stearic
linoleic
mixture)
minutes
vitamins
(B1,
B2,
nicotinic
nicotinamide,
pantothenic
acid)
amino
acids,
choline,
enzymes
(maltase,
invertase,
esterase)
spermine
(spermine)
cholestyramine
(cholamine)
.Aboveground
containing
flavonoids,
known
as
yellow
(panasenoside)
clover
glycosides
(trifolin)
kaempferol
alcohol,
ginsenosides,
sitosterol
sugars.
化学成分根中含人参皂甙0.4%,少量挥发油。
油中主要成份为人参烯(panacen,C15H24)
0.072%。
据报导从根中分离出皂甙类:
人参皂甙
A.
B.
C.