Linguistics语言学胡壮麟英文版Word文件下载.doc

Linguistics语言学胡壮麟英文版Word文件下载.doc

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lFeaturesofhumanlanguage

nCreativity

uLanguageprovidesopportunitiesforsendingmessagesthathaveneverbeensentbeforeandforunderstandingbrandnewmessages.

uThegrammarrulesandthewordsarefinite,butthesentencesareinfinite.Everyspeakeruseslanguagecreatively.

nDuality

uLanguagecontainstwosubsystems,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.

uCertainsoundsorsequencesofsoundsstandforcertainmeanings.

uCertainmeaningsareconveyedbycertainspeechsoundsorsequencesofspeechsounds.

nArbitrariness

uTherelationshipbetweenthetwosubsystemsoflanguageisarbitrary.

uThereisnologicalconnectionbetweensoundandmeaning.

nDisplacement

uThereisnolimitintimeorspaceforlanguage.

uLanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingsrealorimagined,past,presentorfuture.

nCulturaltransmission

uCulturecannotbegeneticallytransmitted.Instead,itmustbelearned.

uLanguageisawayoftransmittingculture.

nInterchangeability

uAllmembersofaspeechcommunitycansendandreceivemessages.

nReflexivity

uHumanlanguagescanbeusedtodescribethemselves.

uThelanguageusedtotalkaboutlanguageiscalledmeta-language.

lFunctionsoflanguage–threemeta-functions

nTheideationalfunction

uToidentifythings,tothink,ortorecordinformation.

nTheinterpersonalfunction

uTogetalonginacommunity.

nThetextualfunction

uToformatext.

lTypesoflanguage

nGeneticclassification

nTypologicalclassification

uAnalyticlanguage–noinflectionsorformalchanges,grammaticalrelationshipsareshownthroughwordorder,suchasChineseandVietnamese

uSyntheticlanguage–grammaticalrelationshipsareexpressedbychangingtheinternalstructureofthewords,typicallybychangingtheinflectionalendings,suchasEnglishandGerman

uAgglutinatinglanguage–wordsarebuiltoutofalongsequenceofunits,witheachunitexpressingaparticulargrammaticalmeaning,suchasJapaneseandTurkish

lThemythoflanguage–languageorigin

nTheBiblicalaccount

uLanguagewasGod’sgifttohumanbeings.

nThebow-wowtheory

uLanguagewasanimitationofnaturalsounds,suchasthecriesofanimals,likequack,cuckoo.

nThepooh-poohtheory

uLanguagearosefrominstinctiveemotionalcries,expressiveofpainorjoy.

nTheyo-he-hotheory

uLanguagearosefromthenoisesmadebyagroupofpeopleengagedinjointlabouroreffort–liftingahugehuntedgame,movingarock,etc.

nTheevolutiontheory

uLanguageoriginatedintheprocessoflabourandansweredthecallofsocialneed.

lWhatislinguistics?

nLinguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.

uObserving&

questioning

uFormulatinghypotheses

uVerifyingthehypotheses

uProposingatheory

nBranchesoflinguistics

uInternalbranches:

intra-disciplinarydivisions

lPhonetics

lPhonology

lMorphology

lSyntax

lSemantics

uExternalbranches:

inter-disciplinarydivisions

lPragmatics

lPsycholinguistics

lSociolinguistics

lAppliedlinguistics

lComputationallinguistics

lNeurolinguistics

nFeaturesoflinguistics

uDescriptive

uDealingwithspokenlanguage

uSynchronic

Chapter2Phonetics

lWhatisphonetics?

nPhoneticsistermedasthestudyofspeechsounds.

nSub-branchesofphonetics

uArticulatoryphonetics–theproductionofspeechsounds

uAcousticphonetics–thephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds

uAuditoryphonetics–theperceptivemechanismofspeechsounds

lThespeechorgans

nWheredoestheairstreamcomefrom?

uFromthelung

nWhatisthefunctionofvocalcords?

uControllingtheairstream

nWhatarethecavities?

uOralcavity

uPharyngealcavity

uNasalcavity

lTranscriptionofspeechsounds

nUnitsofrepresentation

uSegments（theindividualsounds）

nPhoneticsymbols

uThewidelyusedsymbolsforphonetictranscriptionofspeechsoundsistheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet（IPA）.

uTheIPAattemptstorepresenteachsoundofhumanspeechwithasinglesymbolandthesymbolsareenclosedinbrac