A novel strategy for plant protection Induced resistanceWord文件下载.docx

A novel strategy for plant protection Induced resistanceWord文件下载.docx

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Anovelstrategyforplantprotection:

Inducedresistance

AglikaEdreva

D.KostoffInstituteofGenetics.BulgarianAcademyofSciences.1113Sofia.Bulgaria

Received12March2004;

Accepted15April2004

Abstract

Mostplantprotectionmethodscurrentlyappliedusetoxicchemicalsnoxioustotheenvironmentforpathogenandpestcontrol.Inducedresistanceexploitingnaturaldefensemachineryofplantscouldbeproposedasanalternative,non-conventionalandecologically-friendlyapproachforplantprotection.Itsintroductionintoagriculturalpracticecouldminimizethescopeofchemicalcontrol,thuscontributingtothedevelopmentofsustainableagriculture.Inducedresistancecanbedefinedasanincreasedexpressionofnaturaldefencemechanismsofplantsagainstvarioustypeofpathogens,provokedbyarangeoffactors:

pathogenscausinghypersensitivenecroticreaction;

avirulentorattenuatedpathogenicstrains;

elicitorsofpathogenicorigin（glucans,proteins,lipids,etc.）;

abioticelicitors,includingsyntheticharmlesschemicalproducts,suchas2,6-dichloroisonicotinicacid（INA）,b-aminobutyricacid（BABA）,benzothiadiazole（BTH）,etc.Inducedresistance,beingbasedontheexpressionoflatentgeneticinformationpresentinplants,isnotunderliedbygenomealterations（mutations,introgressionofforeigngeneticmaterial）,thisenhancingitsbiologicalsafety.Molecularbasesofinducedresistance,involvingreceptor-elicitorinteractions,signaltransducing-pathwaysandSARgeneexpression,arediscussed.

Keywords:

localizedacquiredresistance（LAR）,systemicacquiredresistance（SAR）,inducedsystemicresistance（ISR）,elicitors,SARgenes

Bitkikorumadayapaystrateji:

Direncinarttinmi

Ozet

Bircokbitkikorumametodugiiniimiizdetoksikkimyasallarmpatojenveyabocekkorumaamaciilecevreycuygulanmasidir.Ancakbunlaraaltematifolarakdirencarttinmiilebitkikorumayapilmaktaveyayginolmayanekolojikbiruygulamaolarakdogalsavunmasaglanmaktadir.Direncarttinmiveyatesvikedilmesi;

bitkilerindegisikpatojenlerekarsisavunmamekanizmalanndaekspresyonlanmarttinlmasiolaraktammlanabilir.Bupatojenler,hipesensitifnekrozreaksiyonlan,avirulentveyagiiclenmispatolojiksuslarolabilir.Gecikmisgenetikbilgininbitkilerdeekspresyonununantmasiilegenomikdegigiklikleraltindaolmadan（mutasyon,yabancigeninintegrasyonu）biyolojikgiivenligiarttirmaktadir.Arttirilmisdirencinmolekiilertemeli,reseptbrvekimyasallararasindakietkilegimleri,sinyaliletimyollanveSARgenekspresyonubuderlemeyazisindatartisilmaktadir.

Anahtarsozciikler:

lokalizegereklidirenc.sistemikgereklidirenc,indiiklenmissistemikdirenc.elisitbr,SARgenleri

Introduction

Presentlydiseasecontrolislargelybasedontheuseoffungicides,bactericidesandinsecticides-chemicalcompoundstoxictoplantinvaders,causativeagentsorvectorsofplantdiseases.However,thehazardouseffectofthesechemicalsortheirdegradationproductsontheenvironmentandhumanhealthstronglynecessitatesthesearchfornew,harmlessmeansofdiseasecontrol.Sincethelate1950sincreasingbodyofevidenceonthenaturalphenomenonofinducedresistancehasbeenaccumulated,culminatinginitssuccessfulpracticalapplicationinthelastdecade（Kuc,2001）.

TheresistanceinplantsinducedbypathogenswasfirstrecognizedbyRay（1901）andBeauverie（1901）.Chester（1930）confirmedthosestudies,and,bysummarizingfieldobservations,supposedthatthisphenomenonmayplayanimportantroleinthepreservationofplantsinnature.Convincingevidenceshoweverwereobtainedonlyinthe1960s,whenreproduciblemodelsusingtobaccoplantweredeveloped（CruickshankandMandryk,1960;

Ross,1961a;

Ross,1961b;

Mandryk,1963）.GreenhouseandfieldexperimentsinthelaboratoryofKucandcoworkerspavedthewaytothepresentcomprehensionofinducedresistanceasatoolinplantprotection（Kuc,2001）,thisbeingsupportedbynumerousauthorsfromaroundtheworld（Schonbecketal.,1993;

Kessmanetal.,1994;

Schneideretal.,1996;

VanLoonetal.,1998;

BenhamouandPicard,1999;

Tallyetal.,1999;

Cohen,2001;

Bokshietal.,2003;

Gozzo,2003;

Soyluetal.,2003）.Exploitinguniquelytheplantpotentialtocombatpathogens,theinducedresistancemaydiminishtheuseoftoxicchemicalsfordiseasecontrol,andthuscouldbeproposedasanalternative,non-conventional,non-biocidalandecologically-friendlyapproachforplantprotectionandhenceforsustainableagriculture.

Whatisinducedresistance?

Definition,terminology,generalmodels

Whenaplantisinoculatedwithapathogen（“primaryinoculation’’）,andafteratimeintervalissubjectedtoasecondary（“challenge’’）inoculation,reduceddiseasesymptomsdevelop,i.e.theinducedplantbecomesmoreresis