外语教学法90分笔记 (1)Word格式文档下载.doc
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TheNatureofFLTM外语教学法的性质
FLTMisasciencewhichstudiestheprocessesandpatternofforeignlanguageteaching,aimingatrevealingthenatureandlawsofforeignlanguageteaching.Thatistosay,itexaminesthepracticesandproceduresinforeignlanguageteaching;
studiesapproaches,methodsandtechniques;
andalsostudiesprinciplesandbeliefthatunderliethem.Inshort,FLTMisaninter-disciplinaryscienceanditmakesusesoftheoriesofdifferentsubjects.
学科性质Itincludesalotofdisciplinessuchaslinguistics,psychology,psycholinguisticsandsociolinguistics.Therefore,wesaythatFLTMisaninter-disciplinaryscienceanditmakesuseofmanysubjects.
语言研究的历史wearequitecertainthat,accordingtotherecordsavailable,languagestudyisatleastmorethan2500yearsold.
Thegoalofforeignlanguageteaching—istohelpthelearnermasterthetargetlanguageintheshortestpossibletime.
Whatdowemeanbymasteringthetargetlanguage?
—Wemeanthatthelearnerisabletohavesuccessfulcommunicationswithothersinthetargetlanguage.
TheoriesofLinguistics语言学理论
⑴Traditionallinguistics:
传统语言学
ThetraditionallinguisticswemeanthetraditionalstudyoflanguageinancientGreece.Ithasatraditionofmorethan2000years.InthefifthcenturyB.C.theancientGreeksbegantomakeaseriousstudyoflanguageintherealm领域ofphilosophy.
古希腊的两个著名论战:
onewasbetweenthenaturalistsandtheconventionalistsontherelationsbetweenformandmeaning.Thenaturalistsarguedthattheformsofwordsreflecteddirectlythenatureofobjectswhiletheconventionaliststhoughtthatlanguagewasconventionalandtherewasnologicconnectionbetweenformandmeaningofwords.
Theotherwasbetweentheanalogistsandanomalistsontheregularizesoflanguage.—theanalogiststhoughtthatlanguageingeneralwasregularandtherewererulesforpeopletofollowwhiletheanomaliststhoughtthatlanguagewasbasicallyirregularandthatwaswhythereweresomanyexceptionandirregularitiesintheGreeklanguage.
Naturaloftraditionallinguistics传统语言学的特征:
Traditionallinguisticswaspracticalinnature.Peoplemadeastudyoflanguageinordertounderstandtheclassicwordsofancienttimesandtoteachstudents.Theygaveprioritytothewrittenformandusedwordsastheirstartingpoint.Theyoftentookaprescriptiveapproachwhentheydiscussedrulesoflanguage.
⑵Americanstructuralism美国结构主义Itstartedatthebeginningofthe20thcenturyinAmerica.Itbecamepopularandinfluentialinthe1930sand40sthroughtheworld.Thetwoforerunnersofstructuralism—FranzBoasandEdwardSapir.FranzBoasfoundthatthetraditionalgrammaticalmodelcouldnotbeusedtoanalysethestructuresofthoselanguages.SapirfoundthatalthoughIndians’languageshadnowrittenforms,theywereverysystematicandwereveryefficientincommunicationswithintheircommunities.ThefatherofAmericanstructuralism—LeonardBloomfield.Heacceptedthetheoriesandprinciplesofbehaviourism.Hecharacterizedlanguageandlanguageacquisitionintermsofbehaviouristterminology.Hethoughtlanguagewasahabitofverbalbehaviourwhichconsistedofaseriesofstimuliandresponses.Hearguedthattoacquirealanguagewastoformahabitofverbalbehaviourandlearningasecondlanguagewaslearninganewhabit.Hethoughtthatspeechwasprimaryandwritingwassecondary.
⑶Transformationalgenerativelinguistics转换生成语言学
ThetransformationalgenerativelinguisticswasfirstputforwardbyNoamChomskyin1957.HewroteabookSyntacticStructurestospreadhistheory.Hismainpoints---Chomskyassumesthatchildrenarebornwithalanguageacquisitiondevice(LAD).ThisLADismadeupofgeneralprinciplescalleduniversalgrammar.Oncethechildisborn,theparticularlanguageenvironmentwilltriggertheLAD.Thechildwilluseandtesttheprinciplesagainandagainuntilhishypothesisagreewiththeactualgrammarofthelanguage.Chomskyhasalsomadethedistinctionbetweenthelinguisticcompetenceandlinguisticperformance.⑷linguisticcompetencereferstotheinternalizedknowledgethatatnativespeakerofthatlanguageprocesses.Linguisticperformancereferstotheactualutteranceproducedbythenativespeakers.Chomskybelievesthatlinguisticsshouldstudythelinguisticcompetence,nottheperformance,ofthenativespeakersoastosetupasystemofrulesthatwillgenerateaninfinitenumberofgrammaticalsentences.Inordertogainthegoal,Chomskyarguesthatweshoulduseadeductive,hypothesis-testingapproachshouldbeused.
⑷FunctionalLinguistics功能语言学
ItdevelopsfromtheLondonSchooloflinguisticsandtheprecursorofitwasBronislawMalinowski.Malinowski’sconclusionisthat“themeaningofanysinglewordistoaveryhigndegreedependentonitscontext.”Andanutteranceshasnomeaningatallifitisoutofth